“As Grass Grows: Treaty, Culture, And Resistance On The Great Plains”
“As Long as Grass Grows” intertwines the complexities of the Treaty of Fort Laramie and Indian Child Welfare Act with the vibrant cultures and perspectives of the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Northern Cheyenne, and Blackfeet nations. Against the backdrop of the majestic Great Plains, historical figures like Chief Red Cloud and Sitting Bull emerge as leaders navigating the challenges of land rights, sacred rituals, and the transformative events of the Battle of the Little Bighorn and Wounded Knee Massacre. The novel explores the clash between settlers and Native Americans, showcasing the resilience and determination of indigenous communities as they fight to preserve their sovereignty and way of life.
Treaties and Laws that Shape the Story
Treaties and Laws that Shape the Story
Let’s dive into the fascinating world of “As Long as Grass Grows” and explore two crucial treaties and laws that played a pivotal role in shaping the events of the novel.
- Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
Imagine you’re a Native American nation living on the vast Great Plains in the mid-19th century when suddenly, encroaching settlers and miners start to disrupt your life. That’s where the Treaty of Fort Laramie comes in. This treaty was like a grand agreement between the US government and several Native American nations, including the mighty Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho. It set aside huge areas of land as “reservations” for these nations to live and practice their traditional ways.
- Indian Child Welfare Act (1978)
Fast forward to over a century later, and another game-changing law emerged: the Indian Child Welfare Act. This law was created to protect Native American children and families from forced removal from their homes and communities. It recognized the unique cultural and legal relationship between Native American nations and their children.
These treaties and laws were not just pieces of paper; they had a profound impact on the lives of Native Americans. They shaped the boundaries of reservations, preserved cultural practices, and fought against the injustices faced by Native American children. As we delve into “As Long as Grass Grows” let’s keep these important agreements in mind, as they provide a glimpse into the complex and evolving relationship between Native American nations and the United States.
Indigenous Nations at the Heart of the Narrative
Indigenous Nations at the Heart of the Narrative
In “As Long as Grass Grows,” the indigenous nations of the Great Plains play pivotal roles. Meet the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Northern Cheyenne, and Blackfeet, each with their distinct perspectives and experiences that shape the story.
The Lakota Sioux are renowned for their spiritual traditions and fierce resistance to encroachment. Led by Chief Red Cloud and Sitting Bull, they fought tirelessly for their land and way of life.
The Cheyenne, known for their horsemanship and warrior culture, played a crucial role in the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Chief Gall led their charge, proving their unwavering strength.
The Arapaho, also known for their equestrianism, allied with the Cheyenne and Lakota in defense of their territory. Chief Two Moons guided them with wisdom and courage.
The Northern Cheyenne, though initially distant, joined the resistance against the U.S. government. Their spiritual beliefs intertwined with the fight for their sacred lands.
The Blackfeet, located west of the other nations, were initially at odds with the Sioux. However, later alliances brought them together in the shared struggle for survival.
Historical Figures: Leaders and Visionaries
In the tapestry of history, certain individuals emerge as beacons of leadership and inspiration, shaping the course of events and leaving an enduring mark on the world. In the annals of Native American history, five extraordinary figures stand tall: Chief Red Cloud, Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Chief Gall, and Chief Two Moons.
Each of these leaders possessed a unique spirit and vision, guiding their people through turbulent times and inspiring them to resist assimilation and defend their ancestral lands. Their names are synonymous with courage, resilience, and an unwavering determination to preserve their cultural identity.
Let’s delve deeper into the lives and legacies of these extraordinary individuals:
Chief Red Cloud
A Unifying Force:
Chief Red Cloud, a revered leader of the Oglala Lakota, played a pivotal role in uniting the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations against the encroachment of settlers and the US government. His diplomatic skills and military prowess earned him the respect of both his people and his adversaries.
Sitting Bull
A Spiritual Leader and Warrior:
Sitting Bull, a Hunkpapa Lakota chief, was known for his profound spiritual insights and his unwavering commitment to traditional Lakota ways. As a visionary leader, he foresaw the devastating impact of white expansion and led the resistance against the US Army at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
Crazy Horse
A Fearless Warrior:
Crazy Horse, a legendary Oglala Lakota warrior, epitomized the spirit of resistance and defiance. His military genius and fierce determination made him a formidable opponent on the battlefield, and his name became a symbol of Lakota courage and indomitability.
Chief Gall
A Strategic Mind:
Chief Gall, a Hunkpapa Lakota warrior, was renowned for his tactical brilliance and military prowess. As a trusted advisor to Sitting Bull, he played a key role in planning and executing the Lakota victory at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
Chief Two Moons
A Voice of Reconciliation:
Chief Two Moons, a Northern Cheyenne leader, emerged as a voice of moderation and reconciliation during a period of intense conflict. He recognized the futility of further resistance and advocated for a peaceful coexistence with white settlers, while still preserving Cheyenne traditions.
Landscapes that Shaped History
The Mighty Black Hills
Imagine a land of soaring granite peaks, dense forests, and crystal-clear lakes. This was the Black Hills, a sacred place to the Lakota Sioux. They believed it was the heart of the world, where the gods resided and the spirits whispered. For them, the Black Hills were not just a physical territory but a spiritual sanctuary.
The Boundless Great Plains
To the east of the Black Hills stretched the vast expanse of the Great Plains. This seemingly endless landscape was home to the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Northern Cheyenne nations. They roamed these grasslands, hunting buffalo and living in harmony with the land. The Plains were their hunting grounds, their grazing lands, and their spiritual home.
Fort Laramie: A Crucible of Conflict
Nestled in the heart of the Northern Plains stood Fort Laramie, a military outpost that became a focal point of interaction between Native American nations and white settlers. It was here that treaties were signed, councils held, and conflicts both peaceful and violent unfolded. Fort Laramie stood as a symbol of the clash between two worlds, a crucible where the fate of the Great Plains and its peoples would be forged.
The Sacred Heart of Native American Culture in “As Long as Grass Grows”
Beneath the expanse of the Great Plains lies a vibrant tapestry of cultural practices that have shaped Native American nations for centuries. “As Long as Grass Grows” weaves these sacred rituals and ceremonies into its narrative, creating a poignant and resonant portrayal of their significance.
Among these practices is the Sun Dance, a grueling test of endurance and devotion. For days, young men endure extreme thirst, hunger, and pain as they dance around a central pole, seeking visions and a deeper connection to the Great Spirit. The Sun Dance represents a profound spiritual journey, where individuals test their limits and strengthen their bonds with their communities.
Another pivotal ceremony is the Ghost Dance, a spiritual movement that emerged in the late 19th century. By performing the Ghost Dance, Native Americans believed they could restore their traditional way of life and bring back lost loved ones. The Ghost Dance became a symbol of resilience and resistance against the encroaching forces of assimilation and colonization.
Finally, the Pipe Ceremony holds a sacred place in Native American culture. The pipe, made from red stone or wood, is a symbol of peace, harmony, and communication with the spirits. When smoked, it carries prayers and intentions to the Great Spirit and creates a sacred bond between participants. The Pipe Ceremony is an essential part of many important gatherings, such as peace negotiations and coming-of-age rituals.
These cultural practices are not mere relics of the past but living traditions that continue to shape the lives of Native Americans today. They serve as a bridge between generations, connecting the past to the present and ensuring the preservation of a rich cultural heritage. As “As Long as Grass Grows” beautifully demonstrates, these sacred rituals are an integral part of the Native American experience, offering a glimpse into a world of deep spirituality, resilience, and cultural continuity.
Unveiling the Languages of the Narrative
In the vibrant tapestry of “As Long as Grass Grows,” language dances as a thread, connecting the heartbeat of Native American nations to the pages of history. The Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho languages_embrace_ the whispered tales of ancestors, the echoes of warriors’ songs, and the wisdom of medicine men.
Like a river that flows through time, Lakota_carries_ the legacy of the Lakota Sioux nation. Its rich vocabulary_paints_ a canvas of their traditions, ceremonies, and the vast expanse of the Great Plains. From the thundering hooves of horses to the rustling of buffalo grass, Lakota words capture the very essence of their way of life.
Cheyenne,a language of the wind and the hunt, whispers secrets of the open prairie. Its melodic tones evoke the thunder of buffalo herds and the dance of arrows in flight. Cheyenne words chronicle the bravery of warriors and the nurturing spirit of their women.
Arapaho,a tongue that dances with rhythm and grace, weaves tales of ancient ceremonies and the harmony with the land. Its words carry the beat of drums and the laughter of children, painting a vibrant portrait of Arapaho culture.
These Native American languages are not merely words but_living_ vessels that carry the hearts and souls of entire nations. They are the guardians of oral history, the keepers of cultural identity, and the threads that stitch together the rich tapestry of “As Long as Grass Grows.” By delving into these languages, readers embark on a journey to understand the true spirit of the Native American experience.
Historical Events that Transformed Lives
Historical Events that Transformed Lives
The pages of “As Long as Grass Grows” bear witness to two pivotal events that forever altered the destiny of Native American nations: the Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Wounded Knee Massacre.
The Battle of the Little Bighorn (also known as Custer’s Last Stand)
On June 25, 1876, beneath the scorching sun of Montana’s Great Plains, an epic clash unfolded. General George Custer and his 7th Cavalry Regiment charged headfirst into a formidable alliance of Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors. Led by the legendary chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, the Native Americans fought with unmatched ferocity, annihilating Custer’s forces in a stunning victory.
The Battle of the Little Bighorn was a pivotal moment in Native American history, marking a brief but triumphant resistance against the relentless westward expansion of American settlers. It cemented the legacy of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse as iconic symbols of Native American resilience and bravery.
The Wounded Knee Massacre
In December 1890, tragedy struck once again at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota. Fearing a ghost dance ritual that was believed to incite rebellion, the 7th Cavalry surrounded a camp of Lakota Sioux. A tense confrontation erupted into chaos, resulting in the deaths of over 300 Lakota men, women, and children.
The Wounded Knee Massacre was a horrific act of violence that decimated the Lakota nation and shattered their hopes for autonomy. It marked a dark chapter in American history, forever tarnishing the legacy of westward expansion.
These events left an indelible mark on Native American history and serve as a poignant reminder of the tragic consequences of conflict and cultural suppression.
Land and Natural Resources: A Battle for Sovereignty
Land and Natural Resources: A Battle for Sovereignty
Land and water were the lifeblood of Native American nations. They provided sustenance, shelter, and cultural identity. But as settlers encroached on their territory, Native Americans faced a bitter battle for their most precious resources.
Land Rights
Treaties like the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) promised vast tracts of land to Native American nations. But these promises were often broken. Settlers coveted the rich agricultural lands and pushed for the Indian General Allotment Act (1887), which divided tribal lands into individual parcels. This had devastating consequences, as Native Americans lost millions of acres of their ancestral lands.
Water Rights
Water was equally vital, especially in the arid plains. Dams and irrigation projects diverted rivers and streams, depriving Native Americans of their traditional water sources. Conflicts arose, such as the Battle of Wounded Knee in 1890, where Native Americans resisted the loss of their water rights.
These struggles for land and water were not just about material resources. They were about sovereignty and the survival of Native American cultures. The loss of their lands and waters eroded their way of life and threatened their very existence.