Directory

Vestibular nerve section (VNS) involves surgically severing the vestibular nerve, which transmits balance signals from the inner ear to the brain. It’s indicated for severe, intractable vertigo and dizziness caused by conditions like Ménière’s disease or vestibular neuritis. Contraindications include bilateral vestibular loss or underlying neurological disorders. VNS disrupts the abnormal balance signals, reducing vertigo…

Large vestibular aqueduct (LVA) is a bilateral inner ear malformation characterized by an enlarged vestibular aqueduct, often leading to sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. It can be associated with syndromes such as Pendred syndrome and DFNB4, caused by mutations in SLC26A4 and FOXI1 genes, respectively. LVA is primarily diagnosed using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT)…

Tanzania’s urban development landscape is shaped by the Ministry of Lands, Housing, and Urban Development, financial institutions like the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange, and public-private partnerships. Despite challenges such as infrastructure gaps and rapid urbanization, the country has opportunities for private investment, innovation, and economic growth in its cities. Coordinated efforts are crucial to…

Tanzania’s refugee camp is a bustling hub of international organizations, government agencies, NGOs, and local entities working tirelessly to provide aid and protection to refugees. International organizations like UNHCR, ICRC, and WFP provide critical humanitarian assistance, while NGOs such as LWF, DRC, and Save the Children focus on education, livelihoods, and child welfare. The Tanzania…

Karatu District, Tanzania, has witnessed the involvement of various entities in a collaborative project: Karatu District Council leads administrative efforts, while the Karatu Zonal Education Office oversees educational aspects. Karatu Secondary School, Karatu Girls’ Secondary School, and Karatu Teachers’ College actively implement the project. These entities work together to enhance the district’s educational landscape, resulting…

Mwanza Town, a bustling hub in Tanzania, boasts a robust governance structure with the Mwanza City Council, Mwanza Regional Secretariat, and other entities ensuring its smooth administration. Security is maintained by the Tanzania Police Force, while the Tanzania Correctional Service upholds justice. Mzumbe University serves as the city’s academic cornerstone, fostering intellectual development. Healthcare is…

Cameroon’s cities showcase its rich heritage and economic prowess. Yaoundé, the capital, is a vibrant metropolis steeped in history, housing key government institutions. Major urban centers like Douala and Bamenda boast significant populations and economic activities. Cameroon’s political system, characterized by a multi-party democracy, ensures governance through elected officials. Industries such as agriculture, oil and…

Nyarugusu Refugee Camp in Tanzania is the second-largest refugee camp in the world, hosting over 150,000 Burundian refugees who fled their country due to political instability and violence. The camp provides shelter, food, water, healthcare, and education to the refugees but faces challenges such as overcrowding, resource shortages, and limited economic opportunities. The United Nations…

Tanzania’s diverse culture is a tapestry woven with vibrant arts, rich history, and stunning landscapes. From the intricate beadwork of the Maasai to the expressive Tingatinga paintings, Tanzania’s artistic expressions are as unique as its people. The country’s past has shaped its cultural identity, evident in the Zanzibar International Film Festival and the Sauti za…

Epidural associated hypotension is a temporary loss of muscle tone that occurs after an epidural injection, a procedure commonly used during childbirth. This hypotonia is caused by the numbing medication spreading too far and affecting the nerves that control muscle movement in the legs. Symptoms can range from mild weakness to complete paralysis, but typically…

Dural puncture epidural, a technique to deliver pain medication directly to the epidural space around the spinal cord, is commonly used to alleviate labor pain, postoperative pain, cancer pain, and chronic pain. An epidural typically involves inserting an epidural needle through the dural sac and threading a catheter into the epidural space. Healthcare professionals such…

Combined spinal and epidural anesthesia involves administering both spinal and epidural anesthesia techniques. In spinal anesthesia, a small volume of medication is injected into the subarachnoid space, providing rapid onset of sensory and motor blockade. Epidural anesthesia utilizes a catheter placed in the epidural space, allowing continuous delivery of medication for prolonged analgesia. This combination…