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Anatomical Structures: Intrathecal injections deliver medication into the subarachnoid space, while epidural injections deliver medication into the epidural space. Techniques: Intrathecal injections require a fine needle to penetrate the dura, while epidural injections use a larger needle to enter the epidural space. Drugs and Anesthetics: Both techniques use local anesthetics, opioids, and steroids, with intrathecal…

Epidural vs. Intrathecal: – Epidural is injected into the epidural space, which surrounds the dura mater that encloses the spinal cord and nerve roots. – Intrathecal is injected into the intrathecal space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid and is within the dura mater. Anatomy: The Cornerstone of Central Neuraxial Blockade Imagine you have a headache that…

Thoracic epidural anaesthesia is a type of regional anaesthesia that involves the injection of anaesthetic medication into the epidural space, which is located outside the dura mater, the outermost layer of the meninges that surround the spinal cord. This technique is commonly used for surgical procedures involving the thorax and abdomen, providing pain relief by…

注意力缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 是一种神经发育障碍，其特征是持续存在的注意力缺陷、过度活跃和冲动。核心症状包括持续的注意力不集中、注意力集中困难、难以控制冲动行为和过度活跃。ADHD 的病因是复杂的，包括遗传、神经化学和环境因素的相互作用。诊断涉及症状评估、医疗检查和神经心理评估。治疗选择包括药物、行为疗法和教育干预，旨在改善症状和提高个人生活质量。 Understanding Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Understanding Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Guide to the Quirks and Quirksome Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is like a mischievous imp that jumps around in your brain, making it hard to focus, sit still, and control those impulsive urges. It’s a neurological condition…

ADHD in Portuguese Organizations such as ABDA, CBDA, and Meta Institute play a crucial role in raising awareness, providing support, and advocating for individuals with ADHD in Brazil. Researchers and clinicians like Dr. Silva, Dr. Bitar, Dr. Bezerra, Dr. Leal, and Dr. Mattos have made significant contributions to the understanding and treatment of ADHD in…

A supracervical hysterectomy, also known as a subtotal hysterectomy, is a surgical procedure in which the upper part of the uterus, or fundus, is removed while the cervix is left intact. This type of hysterectomy is typically performed to treat conditions such as uterine fibroids, heavy or irregular bleeding, and uterine prolapse. It is less…

Masturbation after hysterectomy, a common surgical procedure involving uterus removal, is influenced by various factors. Hormonal changes caused by reduced estrogen production can impact arousal and desire. Additionally, psychological and emotional effects, including altered body image and self-esteem, may affect sexual function. However, studies indicate that masturbation post-hysterectomy remains a viable option for sexual expression…

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections that occur in any part of the urinary system, including the bladder, urethra, ureters, and kidneys. Symptoms typically include frequent urination, urgency, burning during urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, and lower abdominal pain. Risk factors for UTIs after hysterectomy include urinary retention, altered anatomy, and immunosuppression. Diagnosis…

A hematoma post hysterectomy is a collection of blood that forms in the pelvic cavity after a hysterectomy surgery. It can be caused by excessive bleeding from blood vessels that were cut or torn during the surgery. Risk factors include bleeding disorders, obesity, or anticoagulant use. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, and discomfort. Treatment options…

A hematoma after hysterectomy is a collection of blood that forms outside of a blood vessel due to bleeding during or after surgery. It can occur in the pelvis or retroperitoneally. Risk factors include advanced age, obesity, smoking, blood clotting disorders, previous pelvic surgeries, and multiple pregnancies. Blood thinners can also contribute to hematoma formation….

Granulation after hysterectomy, also known as granulation tissue formation, is a natural process that occurs during the healing of the surgical incision or vaginal cuff. Granulation tissue is composed of new blood vessels, connective tissue, and inflammatory cells that help to promote healing and regeneration. While granulation tissue is typically temporary and resolves over time,…

Following a hysterectomy, an abscess may develop due to infection in the pelvic area. It typically manifests with fever, chills, abdominal pain, pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, and painful urination. Treatment involves antibiotics and surgical drainage to remove the pus collection. Prompt intervention is crucial to prevent complications such as sepsis and infertility. If left untreated,…