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Music and hypnosis have shared roots and characteristics, with music often used to enhance hypnotic experiences. From Franz Mesmer’s animal magnetism to contemporary research on music-facilitated hypnosis, practitioners have explored techniques like entrainment, guided imagery, and hypnoacoustics to induce trances. Drums, gongs, binaural beats, and other musical instruments and sounds are used for their rhythmic,…

Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is a statistical technique used to estimate the parameters of a probability distribution. In the case of the Poisson distribution, the MLE estimator for the parameter lambda, which represents the mean number of events per unit, is given by the sample mean. This estimator can be obtained by maximizing the log-likelihood…

The derivative of the gamma function, denoted Γ'(z), plays a crucial role in mathematical analysis. It is defined as the logarithmic derivative of the gamma function, ψ(z) = Γ'(z)/Γ(z). The polygamma function, ψ^(n)(z), represents the n-th derivative of ψ(z). A notable value of the polygamma function is the Euler-Mascheroni constant, γ = ψ(1). The Riemann…

The Poisson summation formula, a fundamental pillar in sampling theory, establishes a tantalizing connection between the continuous and discrete Fourier transforms. This formula reveals the intricate relationship between functions in the time domain and their representations in the frequency domain. It serves as a bridge between the continuous and discrete worlds, allowing us to seamlessly…

The maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for the Poisson distribution is the sample mean. This is the value of the parameter that maximizes the likelihood function, which is the probability of observing the data given the parameter value. The MLE can be found by solving the MLE equation, which is the derivative of the log-likelihood function…

The Poisson and Gamma distributions are powerful probability distributions that model the frequency and waiting times of events. The Poisson distribution describes the number of occurrences in a fixed interval (lambda) and is widely used in modeling event counts (e.g., number of customers per hour). The Gamma distribution captures the waiting time (alpha, beta) between…

The normal distribution, often known as the bell curve, is a continuous probability distribution characterized by its bell-shaped curve. It arises frequently in statistics and is used to model random variables with a symmetric distribution around their mean. The inverse gamma distribution, on the other hand, is a continuous probability distribution with a positive support…

Full information maximum likelihood (FIML) is an approach in structural equation modeling (SEM) that estimates model parameters using all available data, regardless of missing values. FIML maximizes the likelihood function of the observed data assuming the data are missing at random (MAR). This approach provides more accurate parameter estimates compared to other methods that discard…

The moment generating function (MGF) of a chi-square distribution with ν degrees of freedom is given by M(t) = (1 – 2t)^(-ν/2), where t is a real number. The MGF is a useful tool for understanding the properties of the distribution, such as its mean and variance, because it can be used to derive these…

The maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the uniform distribution with parameters a and b is given by the sample minimum and maximum, respectively. This is because the likelihood function is maximized when the interval [a, b] is as small as possible, which occurs when a = min(x) and b = max(x), where x is the…

Poisson CDF Calculator is a digital tool that effortlessly computes the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the Poisson distribution. This CDF calculates the probability of observing a specified number of occurrences or less within a fixed interval or time period. By inputting the Poisson distribution’s mean parameter and the desired number of events, this calculator…

Gamma radiation images, captured by gamma cameras, provide valuable insights into medical conditions and contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Nuclear medicine physicians use them to track radioactive isotopes injected into the body. Radiation oncologists rely on these images for targeted cancer therapy planning. Scientists in research entities utilize them to study isotopes…