Directory

Micropapillary breast cancer, a rare and aggressive subtype, is characterized by its unique growth pattern of small, finger-like projections. It is associated with a high risk of recurrence, metastasis, and poor prognosis. Histologically, micropapillary carcinoma can present as invasive, non-invasive, mixed, or hyperplasia variants. Its molecular profile often includes HER2 positivity and ESR1/PR negativity, making…

Breast cancer cutaneous metastasis occurs when cancer cells spread to the skin from the primary tumor in the breast. Metastatic pathways include hematogenous, lymphatic, and direct extension. Cutaneous metastases manifest as nodular, infiltrative, ulcerative, or erysipeloid lesions. They commonly appear on the chest, abdomen, or extremities. Differential diagnosis involves distinguishing them from hematomas, infections, and…

Multicentric breast cancer is a type of breast cancer where multiple primary tumors develop in different areas of the same breast. It is distinct from unifocal breast cancer, which involves a single tumor. Multicentric breast cancer may require more extensive treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Understanding the risk factors and treatment options for…

Non-palpable breast cancer is characterized by the absence of a palpable lump or mass. Diagnosis relies on imaging studies like mammograms and MRIs. Risk factors include genetic predispositions, family history, advanced age, and lifestyle choices. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormone therapy. Signs and Symptoms: Describe the common…

Cutaneous metastasis of breast cancer refers to the spread of cancer cells from the primary breast tumor to the skin. It manifests in various skin lesions, such as plaques, nodules, or rashes, and is often indicative of advanced disease. This type of metastasis is associated with specific histological subtypes of primary breast cancer, particularly infiltrating…

Background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) on breast imaging refers to increased enhancement of the normal glandular tissue in the breast. BPE is a risk factor for developing breast cancer, and its presence is associated with certain molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Understanding the significance of BPE helps guide personalized breast cancer screening, risk assessment, and therapeutic…

Skin metastatic breast cancer occurs when breast cancer cells spread to the skin, forming nodules or plaques. The underlying mechanisms involve molecular changes that enable cancer cells to invade blood vessels and lymphatic channels. The tumor microenvironment influences metastasis by promoting cell proliferation and suppressing immune responses. Clinical presentation includes skin lesions, and diagnosis involves…

Solid papillary carcinoma (SPC) is a rare subtype of papillary carcinoma characterized by cohesive, solid tumor cells with minimal papillary formation. It often presents as a well-circumscribed mass in breast imaging and microscopically exhibits uniform round to oval nuclei with minimal atypia. SPC typically has a favorable prognosis and is often treated with surgical excision…

Metaplastic triple-negative breast cancer (MBC) is an aggressive subtype characterized by the presence of epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. It has a distinct molecular profile, with alterations in BRCA1/2, TP53, PIK3CA, and PTEN genes. Treatment options include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. Biomarkers and prognostic factors play a crucial role in diagnosis and…

Breast cancer metastasis to the skin occurs when cancer cells spread from the primary breast tumor to the skin. This can manifest as skin discoloration, rashes, or subcutaneous nodules. It is less common than metastasis to other organs and typically indicates advanced disease. Diagnosis involves skin biopsy, and treatment may include surgery to remove the…

Papillary carcinoma breast is a rare type of non-invasive breast cancer characterized by finger-like projections growing on the inner lining of milk ducts. It’s typically detected through imaging tests like mammograms and biopsies. Treatment options include surgery and radiation therapy. Papillary carcinoma breast has a high survival rate and a low risk of recurrence compared…

Monofocal lenses provide clear vision at a single distance, while multifocal lenses correct vision at multiple distances. Monofocal lenses are commonly used for distance vision, while multifocal lenses are suitable for both distance and near vision. The choice between monofocal and multifocal lenses depends on the individual’s visual needs and lifestyle. Monofocal lenses offer sharper…