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Keratin granulation toenail is a rare nail disorder characterized by a buildup of keratin granules beneath the nail plate, causing it to appear thick, yellow, and crumbly. It is often associated with underlying skin conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, or lichen planus, and can be diagnosed through physical examination, KOH preparation, and fungal culture. Treatment…

Nail lichen planus is an interface dermatitis affecting the nail matrix, resulting in transverse grooves (Beau lines) on the nail plate. It arises due to a skin condition called lichen planus, where an autoimmune response targets the basal layer of the epidermis. Treatment options for nail lichen planus include topical or intralesional corticosteroids, topical calcineurin…

Intramedullary nail is a metal rod inserted into the medullary canal of a long bone to stabilize fractures. Cephalomedullary nail is a variation inserted from the bone’s head through the medullary canal for added stability. Both are used to treat femur and tibia fractures, where the femur is classified based on location and severity, while…

DMSO, or dimethyl sulfoxide, is a solvent and antifungal agent that has shown promise as an alternative treatment for toenail fungus, a common foot infection caused by fungi. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of DMSO in inhibiting the growth of fungi responsible for the infection. However, it’s crucial to use DMSO with caution and under…

Nail polish removers are primarily composed of solvents that dissolve the polymers in nail polish, allowing for easy removal. Acetone, ethyl acetate, and isopropyl alcohol are commonly used solvents with varying strengths and evaporation rates. Different types of removers cater to specific needs: acetone-based removers are highly effective but can be harsh, while non-acetone removers…

In tibial nail surgery, incisions are made along the tibia (shinbone), into which instrumentation is inserted to insert a tibial nail, which stabilizes the bone and promotes healing. Indications for surgery include fractures, nonunions, and malunions. Contraindications include infection, severe vascular disease, and nerve damage. Potential complications include bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding structures….

Clove oil, an essential oil, exhibits antifungal properties against fungal nail infections caused by various pathogens. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting fungal growth and disrupting their cell membranes. Topical application of clove oil may be an effective natural remedy for onychomycosis, offering potential benefits such as minimal side effects and cost-effectiveness. However, it’s important…

Nail lichen planus treatment involves addressing the nail changes caused by the autoimmune condition. Topical therapies include corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and retinoids. Systemic therapies such as steroids may be used for severe cases. Physical therapies like phototherapy, laser therapy, and cryotherapy can also be beneficial. Surgical intervention is rarely necessary but may be considered in…

Chinese medicine offers a holistic approach to treating toenail fungus, employing herbal remedies with antifungal properties and techniques like acupuncture and massage to stimulate healing. These herbal formulas combat the underlying fungal infection, while acupuncture and massage improve circulation and reduce inflammation. Additionally, preventive measures such as maintaining foot hygiene, wearing suitable footwear, and avoiding…

Methacrylic acid is a compound commonly found in acrylic nail products. It acts as a monomer, which undergoes a polymerization reaction with other monomers to form long, strong chains. These chains harden, creating the durable and long-lasting nature characteristic of acrylic nails. The application process typically involves combining methacrylic acid with a liquid monomer, which…

Malignant cardiac arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF), are potentially deadly heart rhythm disruptions that can lead to cardiac arrest. These arrhythmias originate from the heart’s ventricles, the lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart. They cause an erratic electrical firing pattern, resulting in rapid or irregular heartbeats that…

CardioMEMS is an innovative remote monitoring system that plays a crucial role in the management of heart failure. It utilizes implantable sensors to monitor pulmonary artery pressure, providing real-time data that allows healthcare professionals to optimize fluid balance and medication usage. By enabling early detection and proactive intervention, CardioMEMS significantly reduces hospitalizations and improves patient…