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Multifocal breast cancer refers to a stage of breast cancer where there are multiple distinct tumors within the same breast. Tumor characteristics, including size, location, and histologic grade, are crucial in determining the stage. The number and size of lymph nodes involved in metastasis also play a key role. Metastatic status, such as the presence…

De novo metastatic breast cancer (DNMBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer that presents with distant metastases at the time of initial diagnosis without evidence of primary tumor in the breast. It differs from metastatic breast cancer that develops after local recurrence or regional spread. DNMBC is associated with poor prognosis and limited treatment…

Pleomorphic lobular breast cancer is a subtype of invasive lobular carcinoma with a unique appearance under the microscope. It is characterized by the presence of large, irregularly shaped cells with prominent nucleoli. This type of breast cancer tends to be more aggressive than classic invasive lobular carcinoma and is often associated with a higher risk…

Accessory breast cancer refers to cancer that develops in extra mammary tissue (accessory breast tissue) located outside the normal breast area. This tissue is present in some individuals as a result of embryonic development and can manifest as polymastia (supernumerary nipples) or ectopic breast tissue. Accessory breast tissue is connected to the normal breast through…

The Breast Cancer Index (BCI) test is a genomic assay used to assess the risk of breast cancer recurrence and to guide treatment decisions. By measuring the expression of five genes, the BCI test provides a score that helps predict the likelihood of metastasis and the benefit of hormonal therapy. The BCI test is used…

Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by a mixture of different cell types and a high risk of metastasis. It often presents as a rapidly growing mass and lacks the hormone receptors typically found in other breast cancers. MBC is often associated with older age and a…

Papillary breast carcinoma is a distinct subtype of breast cancer characterized by nipple discharge, a palpable lump, and skin changes. Histologically, it can be classified into usual, encapsulated, and atypical types, each with unique features. Molecular profiling often reveals ER and PR positivity, while HER2 status varies. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic…

Multifocal breast cancer refers to the presence of two or more distinct areas of cancerous growth within the same breast, each originating separately. These multiple tumors may be located in different quadrants of the breast or may overlap. Multifocal breast cancer is more common than unifocal breast cancer, which involves only one tumor, and may…

The Oncotype DX Breast Cancer Recurrence Score is a genomic test that predicts the likelihood of breast cancer recurrence in patients with early-stage, hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. It helps guide treatment decisions by providing an individualized risk assessment, estimating the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy beyond standard hormonal therapy. The test analyzes 21 genes related…

Micropapillary breast cancer, a rare and aggressive subtype, is characterized by its unique growth pattern of small, finger-like projections. It is associated with a high risk of recurrence, metastasis, and poor prognosis. Histologically, micropapillary carcinoma can present as invasive, non-invasive, mixed, or hyperplasia variants. Its molecular profile often includes HER2 positivity and ESR1/PR negativity, making…

Breast cancer cutaneous metastasis occurs when cancer cells spread to the skin from the primary tumor in the breast. Metastatic pathways include hematogenous, lymphatic, and direct extension. Cutaneous metastases manifest as nodular, infiltrative, ulcerative, or erysipeloid lesions. They commonly appear on the chest, abdomen, or extremities. Differential diagnosis involves distinguishing them from hematomas, infections, and…

Multicentric breast cancer is a type of breast cancer where multiple primary tumors develop in different areas of the same breast. It is distinct from unifocal breast cancer, which involves a single tumor. Multicentric breast cancer may require more extensive treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Understanding the risk factors and treatment options for…