Directory

Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by a mixture of different cell types and a high risk of metastasis. It often presents as a rapidly growing mass and lacks the hormone receptors typically found in other breast cancers. MBC is often associated with older age and a…

Papillary breast carcinoma is a distinct subtype of breast cancer characterized by nipple discharge, a palpable lump, and skin changes. Histologically, it can be classified into usual, encapsulated, and atypical types, each with unique features. Molecular profiling often reveals ER and PR positivity, while HER2 status varies. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic…

Multifocal breast cancer refers to the presence of two or more distinct areas of cancerous growth within the same breast, each originating separately. These multiple tumors may be located in different quadrants of the breast or may overlap. Multifocal breast cancer is more common than unifocal breast cancer, which involves only one tumor, and may…

The Oncotype DX Breast Cancer Recurrence Score is a genomic test that predicts the likelihood of breast cancer recurrence in patients with early-stage, hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. It helps guide treatment decisions by providing an individualized risk assessment, estimating the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy beyond standard hormonal therapy. The test analyzes 21 genes related…

Micropapillary breast cancer, a rare and aggressive subtype, is characterized by its unique growth pattern of small, finger-like projections. It is associated with a high risk of recurrence, metastasis, and poor prognosis. Histologically, micropapillary carcinoma can present as invasive, non-invasive, mixed, or hyperplasia variants. Its molecular profile often includes HER2 positivity and ESR1/PR negativity, making…

Breast cancer cutaneous metastasis occurs when cancer cells spread to the skin from the primary tumor in the breast. Metastatic pathways include hematogenous, lymphatic, and direct extension. Cutaneous metastases manifest as nodular, infiltrative, ulcerative, or erysipeloid lesions. They commonly appear on the chest, abdomen, or extremities. Differential diagnosis involves distinguishing them from hematomas, infections, and…

Multicentric breast cancer is a type of breast cancer where multiple primary tumors develop in different areas of the same breast. It is distinct from unifocal breast cancer, which involves a single tumor. Multicentric breast cancer may require more extensive treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Understanding the risk factors and treatment options for…

Non-palpable breast cancer is characterized by the absence of a palpable lump or mass. Diagnosis relies on imaging studies like mammograms and MRIs. Risk factors include genetic predispositions, family history, advanced age, and lifestyle choices. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormone therapy. Signs and Symptoms: Describe the common…

Cutaneous metastasis of breast cancer refers to the spread of cancer cells from the primary breast tumor to the skin. It manifests in various skin lesions, such as plaques, nodules, or rashes, and is often indicative of advanced disease. This type of metastasis is associated with specific histological subtypes of primary breast cancer, particularly infiltrating…

Background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) on breast imaging refers to increased enhancement of the normal glandular tissue in the breast. BPE is a risk factor for developing breast cancer, and its presence is associated with certain molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Understanding the significance of BPE helps guide personalized breast cancer screening, risk assessment, and therapeutic…

Skin metastatic breast cancer occurs when breast cancer cells spread to the skin, forming nodules or plaques. The underlying mechanisms involve molecular changes that enable cancer cells to invade blood vessels and lymphatic channels. The tumor microenvironment influences metastasis by promoting cell proliferation and suppressing immune responses. Clinical presentation includes skin lesions, and diagnosis involves…

Solid papillary carcinoma (SPC) is a rare subtype of papillary carcinoma characterized by cohesive, solid tumor cells with minimal papillary formation. It often presents as a well-circumscribed mass in breast imaging and microscopically exhibits uniform round to oval nuclei with minimal atypia. SPC typically has a favorable prognosis and is often treated with surgical excision…