Directory

Background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) on breast imaging refers to increased enhancement of the normal glandular tissue in the breast. BPE is a risk factor for developing breast cancer, and its presence is associated with certain molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Understanding the significance of BPE helps guide personalized breast cancer screening, risk assessment, and therapeutic…

Skin metastatic breast cancer occurs when breast cancer cells spread to the skin, forming nodules or plaques. The underlying mechanisms involve molecular changes that enable cancer cells to invade blood vessels and lymphatic channels. The tumor microenvironment influences metastasis by promoting cell proliferation and suppressing immune responses. Clinical presentation includes skin lesions, and diagnosis involves…

Solid papillary carcinoma (SPC) is a rare subtype of papillary carcinoma characterized by cohesive, solid tumor cells with minimal papillary formation. It often presents as a well-circumscribed mass in breast imaging and microscopically exhibits uniform round to oval nuclei with minimal atypia. SPC typically has a favorable prognosis and is often treated with surgical excision…

Metaplastic triple-negative breast cancer (MBC) is an aggressive subtype characterized by the presence of epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. It has a distinct molecular profile, with alterations in BRCA1/2, TP53, PIK3CA, and PTEN genes. Treatment options include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. Biomarkers and prognostic factors play a crucial role in diagnosis and…

Breast cancer metastasis to the skin occurs when cancer cells spread from the primary breast tumor to the skin. This can manifest as skin discoloration, rashes, or subcutaneous nodules. It is less common than metastasis to other organs and typically indicates advanced disease. Diagnosis involves skin biopsy, and treatment may include surgery to remove the…

Papillary carcinoma breast is a rare type of non-invasive breast cancer characterized by finger-like projections growing on the inner lining of milk ducts. It’s typically detected through imaging tests like mammograms and biopsies. Treatment options include surgery and radiation therapy. Papillary carcinoma breast has a high survival rate and a low risk of recurrence compared…

Monofocal lenses provide clear vision at a single distance, while multifocal lenses correct vision at multiple distances. Monofocal lenses are commonly used for distance vision, while multifocal lenses are suitable for both distance and near vision. The choice between monofocal and multifocal lenses depends on the individual’s visual needs and lifestyle. Monofocal lenses offer sharper…

Triple-negative breast cancer ultrasound shows distinct imaging characteristics, including irregular hypoechoic masses with angular margins, shadowing, and increased vascularity using Doppler ultrasound. Clinically, it presents as palpable masses with rapid growth and a high risk of metastasis. Treatment includes neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and radiotherapy. Pathology reveals a lack of expression of estrogen, progesterone,…

Occult breast cancer, diagnosed without a palpable mass, is detected through imaging and biopsy. Treatment depends on cancer stage and can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. Occult breast cancer poses unique challenges due to its asymptomatic nature and potential for late detection, but advancements in diagnosis and treatment aim to improve outcomes….

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a distinct molecular subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER2 overexpression. The pathophysiology of TNBC involves alterations in genes such as BRCA1/2, CDH1, and TP53, and activation of signaling pathways including Src family kinase, PI3K/mTOR, and MAPK. Clinically, TNBC is often aggressive…

The Gulf of Khambhat, situated on India’s western coast, is a significant port and industrial hub. It is surrounded by Gujarat state, with major towns like Surat, Bharuch, and Ankleshwar along its banks. This strategic location provides access to the Arabian Sea and connects it to the hinterlands. The ports of Kandla and Dahej are…

The Argonne Laboratory Map visualizes the entities and organizations associated with Argonne National Laboratory. It outlines key collaborations, including those with Argonne-Northwestern, Argonne-Fermilab, and the University of Chicago. The map includes information about Argonne’s location in Lemont, Illinois, and highlights the significance of Argonne Road and Cass Avenue. It showcases Argonne’s partnerships with DuPage and…