Papers

Valleculae and Pyriform Sinuses: The valleculae are paired depressions on either side of the epiglottis, while the pyriform sinuses are recesses located on each side of the larynx. Both structures are involved in directing food and liquid into the esophagus during swallowing and contribute to speech production. Meet the Hypopharynx: Your Unsung Hero of Swallowing…

Vegetation in sinuses refers to abnormal growths or obstructions within the paranasal sinuses. These can include polyps, tumors, or fungal masses. Polyps are benign, non-cancerous growths that can cause nasal congestion, obstruction, and infection. Tumors can be either benign or malignant, and may require surgical intervention. Fungal masses, known as fungal balls, are caused by…

Sinus venosus defect (SVD) is a congenital heart defect involving the superior aspect of the atrial septum, where the superior vena cava (SVC) enters the right atrium. In SVD, the SVC fails to connect properly, resulting in a communication between the right atrium and the SVC. This defect can be isolated or occur in conjunction…

A skin sinus tract is a narrow, tunnel-like passageway beneath the skin that forms when a wound or infection fails to heal properly. It typically occurs in areas where the skin folds or is prone to friction, such as the armpits, groin, or buttocks. The tract may discharge pus or other fluids and can cause…

Patent sinuses indicate that the sinuses are open and clear, allowing air to flow freely and preventing mucus from becoming trapped. This optimal condition supports proper sinus function, which includes producing mucus to filter out dust and other particles, and removing them through the nasal cavity. When sinuses are patent, individuals are less likely to…

Sinusitis: An infection or inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, cavities filled with air and lined with mucous membranes located near the nose. It can result from various microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. Common symptoms include facial pain, nasal discharge, and congestion. Diagnosis typically involves physical examination, imaging studies, and otolaryngologists (ENT specialists) and allergists…

Sinus tract formation is a complication of chronic sinusitis, involving the development of a persistent, abnormal connection between the sinus cavity and an adjacent structure, such as the skin, nasopharynx, orbit, or brain. It often arises due to persisting infection or inflammation, resulting in the erosion of surrounding tissues and the creation of a fistula-like…

Sinus rhythm with artifact refers to an ECG pattern where the regular sinus rhythm is distorted or interfered with by extra signals or noise. This can be caused by various artifacts, such as electromyographic (muscle noise), electrode movement, motion, electrical interference, or respiratory signals. Identifying and differentiating artifacts from pathological ECG changes is crucial to…

Hypoplastic right maxillary sinus, a developmental abnormality, involves the underdevelopment of the right maxillary sinus, an air-filled cavity in the upper jawbone. This condition can arise due to various factors, including genetic disorders or environmental influences during embryonic development. It can lead to sinus infections, nasal congestion, and impaired drainage of mucus, affecting overall sinus…

High confluence low confluence urogenital sinus anomaly refers to congenital defects in the formation of the urinary and genital structures. It is categorized based on the level of connection and proximity of structures in the urogenital sinus. High confluence anomalies, such as epispadias and exstrophy cloaca, exhibit elevated levels of connection and closeness. Conversely, low…

Frontal sinus osteoma, a benign bone growth within the frontal sinus, occurs due to abnormal bone formation. It can block sinus drainage and cause pressure-related symptoms. The size and location of the osteoma determine the severity of these symptoms, which may include pain, nasal congestion, headaches, and discharge. In severe cases, it can lead to…

MRI is a non-invasive imaging technique that provides detailed visualization of paranasal sinuses and surrounding structures. It is particularly valuable in evaluating sinus anatomy, detecting inflammatory changes, and assessing complications associated with sinus diseases. MRI complements other imaging techniques, such as CT and ultrasound, to guide diagnosis and treatment planning. Sinusitis: When Your Sinuses Go…