Dizziness After Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, And Treatment

Dizziness after a stroke can result from damage to vestibular structures, such as the inner ear or brainstem. Symptoms may include vertigo, a false sensation of movement, making it difficult to balance and walk. Prompt medical attention is crucial as dizziness can signal a need for further evaluation, medication, or vestibular rehabilitation to restore balance and improve mobility.

Vestibular Dysfunction

• Describe the different symptoms of vestibular dysfunction, such as dizziness, vertigo, and imbalance.
• Explain the causes of vestibular dysfunction, such as inner ear infections, Meniere’s disease, and head injuries.
• Discuss the diagnostic tests used to evaluate vestibular dysfunction, such as the Dix-Hallpike maneuver and the Romberg test.

Vestibular Dysfunction: The Whirling Dervish in Your Inner Ear

Dizziness, vertigo, and imbalance – these are just a few of the unwelcome guests that vestibular dysfunction can bring to your party. It’s like your inner ear’s GPS has gone haywire, leaving you feeling like you’re on a merry-go-round that never stops.

Vestibular dysfunction can be caused by a variety of culprits, from inner ear infections to Meniere’s disease to head injuries. It’s like a mischievous imp playing tricks on your delicate balance system, leaving you feeling wobbly and disoriented.

To figure out what’s causing the chaos in your vestibular system, your doctor may order some diagnostic tests. The Dix-Hallpike maneuver will have you tilting your head and lying down while they check for nystagmus – those involuntary eye twitches that give away a vestibular issue. The Romberg test will have you standing with your feet together and eyes closed, like a human flamingo, testing your balance skills.

Don’t Despair, Vestibular Rehabilitation is Here!

If you’re dealing with vestibular dysfunction, don’t lose hope! Vestibular rehabilitation is like a personal trainer for your balance system. It’s a series of exercises designed to retrain your brain and body to work together seamlessly, like a well-oiled machine.

These exercises might involve moving your head and eyes in specific patterns, practicing balance on uneven surfaces, or walking in a straight line while your eyes are closed. It’s like giving your vestibular system a chance to rebuild its confidence and get back in the game.

Finding a qualified vestibular rehabilitation therapist is key. They’ll be your guide on this journey of reclaiming your balance and reducing dizziness. They’ll work with you to develop a personalized program tailored to your specific needs, helping you navigate the obstacles of vestibular dysfunction with newfound stability.

Cerebellar Dysfunction: When Your Balance Goes Awry

Picture this: you’re walking down the street, feeling all confident and steady, when suddenly, you start stumbling like a newborn giraffe. You’re dizzy, your balance is all over the place, and you can’t seem to walk in a straight line. Welcome to the wacky world of cerebellar dysfunction!

Your cerebellum, that little bean-shaped buddy at the back of your brain, is responsible for keeping you balanced, coordinated, and moving smoothly. But when something goes wrong in this tiny control center, you might experience a whole host of symptoms, including:

• Coordination troubles: You may have difficulty performing everyday tasks like buttoning your shirt or pouring a glass of water.
• Balance issues: You might feel like you’re on a wobbly boat, struggling to keep your equilibrium.
• Speech problems: Your words may become slurred or choppy, making it hard for others to understand you.

What Causes Cerebellar Dysfunction?

Like a car that’s been in a fender bender, your cerebellum can suffer damage from various causes, such as:

• Stroke: When blood flow to the cerebellum is blocked, it can cause a stroke.
• Multiple sclerosis (MS): This autoimmune disease can attack the cerebellum, leading to dysfunction.
• Tumors: Brain tumors can grow in or around the cerebellum, disrupting its normal function.

Diagnosing the Dizzying Truth

To figure out what’s causing your cerebellar troubles, your doctor will likely perform a neurological exam. They’ll check your reflexes, balance, and coordination by asking you to do things like stand on one leg or walk in a straight line.

They may also order a few tests, such as:

• Finger-to-nose test: You’ll try to touch your nose with your finger, but with your eyes closed. If you have cerebellar dysfunction, you might miss your mark.
• Heel-to-shin test: You’ll try to touch your heel to your shin. If your cerebellum isn’t working properly, your heel might not quite reach its destination.

Taking Back Control

While cerebellar dysfunction can be a challenging experience, there are things you can do to improve your balance and coordination. Vestibular rehabilitation, a type of physical therapy, can teach you exercises to strengthen your muscles and improve your sense of balance.

With patience and perseverance, you can regain your coordination and get back to navigating the world with confidence. So, don’t give in to the dizziness. Instead, arm yourself with knowledge and guidance, and take back control of your balance!

Brainstem Lesions: When Your Body’s Traffic Control Goes Awry

Imagine your brainstem as the bustling control center of your body’s operations. It’s like the central station for all those vital functions that keep you going, from breathing and swallowing to coordinating movement. But when things go awry in the brainstem, things can get a little… wonky.

Symptoms: A Symphony of Disturbances

If your brainstem has taken a hit, you might notice some strange goings-on:

• Double vision: Your eyes start playing hide-and-seek, refusing to focus on the same spot.
• Tongue-tied: Swallowing becomes a challenge, like trying to navigate a bumpy road in a lowrider.
• Weakness on one side: It’s party time on one half of your body, while the other plays wallflower.

Causes: Crashing the Brainstem’s Party

Brainstem lesions can be caused by a crash course in traffic accidents or stroke. Tumors can also set up camp in this vital area, wreaking havoc on communication and coordination.

Diagnosis: Unraveling the Brainstem Mystery

To figure out what’s up in your brainstem, doctors might order a MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) or CT scan (Computed Tomography). These scans are like paparazzi for your brain, taking snapshots of its inner workings to spot any disruptions.

Treatment: Repairing the Traffic Jam

Treating brainstem lesions is like fixing a roadblock on a highway. The approach depends on the cause:

• Stroke: Blood flow needs to be restored ASAP, either through medication or surgery.
• Tumors: These invaders need to be removed or shrunk through surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy.
• Trauma: Time for some TLC, with rest, rehabilitation, and support to help the brainstem heal.

Living with Brainstem Lesions: Adapting to the Detour

While brainstem lesions can’t always be erased, there are ways to minimize their impact on your life. Vestibular rehabilitation can help improve balance and coordination, and speech therapy can help you get your tongue back in the game. Assistive devices and home modifications can also make life more manageable.

Remember, even with this roadblock in your brainstem, you can still navigate life’s complexities. Embrace the challenges with humor and resilience, and don’t let them dim your shine!

Vestibular Rehabilitation: Reclaim Your Balance and Banish Dizziness

Vestibular dysfunction, a common condition that affects your balance and equilibrium, can make life a dizzying rollercoaster ride. But don’t despair! Vestibular rehabilitation offers a lifeline, empowering you to regain your stability and conquer your spinning sensations.

Just like a personal trainer for your inner ear, vestibular rehabilitation is a specialized exercise program designed to retrain your vestibular system and restore your sense of balance. These exercises, often involving a combination of head and eye movements, balance drills, and gait training, are like a symphony for your vestibular system, helping it regain its rhythm and harmony.

The benefits of vestibular rehabilitation are as clear as day: improved balance, reduced dizziness, and a surge in your functional mobility. Imagine being able to walk confidently without feeling like you’re on a tilt-a-whirl or navigate crowded spaces without losing your way. That’s the power of vestibular rehabilitation, folks!

Finding a qualified vestibular rehabilitation therapist is as easy as pie. They’re like the GPS of your balance system, guiding you through the rehab process and ensuring you reach your destination: a life free from dizziness and unsteady steps.

So, if you’re ready to bid farewell to dizziness and embrace a steady life, vestibular rehabilitation is your ticket to success. Don’t let balance issues hold you back any longer. Step into the world of vestibular rehabilitation and reclaim your life from the dizzying depths!

Impaired Spatial Orientation: When Your Inner Compass Goes Haywire

Hey there, fellow earthlings! If you’ve ever found yourself bumping into objects, getting lost in your own neighborhood, or wondering how you got your keys in the fridge, you might be experiencing impaired spatial orientation. Let’s dive into the symptoms, causes, and diagnostic tests for this quirky condition.

Symptoms: Feeling Like a Lost Puppy

Picture this: You’re at the mall, desperately searching for your favorite shoe store. You’ve circled the same bench three times, accidentally high-fived a mannequin, and still haven’t found it. That’s impaired spatial orientation, my friend. It’s like your brain’s GPS went on the fritz. You may also have trouble judging distances, finding your way around familiar places, and remembering the layout of your home.

Causes: When Your Brain Takes a Wrong Turn

The list of suspects is long, folks. Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and stroke are just a few of the culprits that can mess with your spatial navigation skills. These conditions can damage the areas of your brain responsible for processing spatial information.

Diagnostic Tests: Mapping the Maze in Your Mind

To get a better understanding of your spatial orientation challenges, your doctor might have you take some tests. The clock drawing test requires you to draw a clock face from memory, paying attention to the placement of the numbers. The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test is like a puzzle where you have to copy a complex shape. These tests can give your doctor clues about how well your brain is processing spatial information.

If you’re struggling with impaired spatial orientation, don’t despair! There are ways to cope and improve your sense of direction. Occupational therapists can teach you compensatory strategies to help you navigate your environment more effectively. They might also recommend exercises to improve your spatial reasoning skills.

Remember, you’re not alone in this spatial adventure. Millions of people deal with impaired spatial orientation every day. With the right support, you can get back on track and find your way through the maze of life with confidence.

Sensory Integration Deficits: A Guide for the Perplexed

What is sensory integration deficit (SID)?

SID is a condition that affects how the brain processes sensory information. This can lead to difficulty processing, interpreting, and responding to sensory stimuli.

What are the symptoms of SID?

Symptoms of SID can vary depending on the individual, but may include:

• Difficulty processing, interpreting, and responding to sensory information
• Poor balance
• Difficulty with fine motor skills
• Clumsiness
• Avoiding certain sensory experiences
• Overreacting to sensory experiences
• Difficulty with social interactions
• Challenges with attention and focus

What causes SID?

SID can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Autism spectrum disorder
• ADHD
• Developmental disorders
• Brain injury
• Sensory processing disorders

How is SID diagnosed?

SID is diagnosed through a combination of observation, questioning, and testing.

What are the treatment options for SID?

Treatment for SID typically focuses on improving sensory processing skills. This may involve:

• Occupational therapy
• Physical therapy
• Speech therapy
• Sensory integration therapy
• Medication

Is SID curable?

There is no cure for SID. However, with early diagnosis and treatment, individuals with SID can learn to manage their symptoms and live full and productive lives.

What can I do if I think my child has SID?

If you think your child may have SID, it is important to seek a professional evaluation. Early diagnosis and treatment can make a big difference in your child’s development.

Proprioception Loss

• Describe the symptoms of proprioception loss, such as difficulty walking, bumping into objects, and dropping things.
• Explain the causes of proprioception loss, such as peripheral neuropathy, spinal cord injuries, and stroke.
• Discuss the diagnostic tests used to evaluate proprioception loss, such as the Romberg test and the Fukuda stepping test.

Proprioception Loss: When Your Body Doesn’t Know Where It Is

Think of your body as a finely tuned orchestra, where each part plays a harmonious symphony. Proprioception is like the conductor, sending signals to your brain about the position of your body parts, so you can move with grace and precision.

But what happens when the conductor goes on vacation? That’s proprioception loss, a condition where your body’s internal compass goes haywire. Imagine trying to walk in a dark room, bumping into furniture, and dropping your coffee mug. That’s proprioception loss in a nutshell.

Causes of Proprioception Loss

Picture a frayed wire in your body’s electrical system. That’s what can happen with proprioception loss, caused by:

• Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerves in your hands and feet get damaged, like a faulty cable.
• Spinal Cord Injuries: The highway between your brain and body gets blocked.
• Stroke: A sudden blockage of blood flow to your brain, disrupting the communication network.

Symptoms of Proprioception Loss

You may feel like a clumsy clown, bumping into walls and tripping over your own two feet. Other signs include:

• Difficulty walking, especially in the dark
• Poor balance
• Dropping things frequently

Diagnosing Proprioception Loss

Your doctor may conduct a neurological examination, where they’ll test your reflexes, coordination, and balance. They may also use special tests like:

• Romberg Test: Stand with your feet together and close your eyes. If you sway or lose balance, it suggests proprioception loss.
• Fukuda Stepping Test: Walk heel-to-toe, placing one foot directly in front of the other. If you have difficulty, proprioception may be the culprit.

Treatment Options

Fixing proprioception loss is like repairing a broken wire. Depending on the cause, treatment may involve:

• Medications to manage nerve damage
• Physical therapy to retrain your body’s sense of position
• Assistive devices, like canes or walkers, to improve balance

Proprioception loss may not be life-threatening, but it can make life a juggling act. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options, you can regain your body’s musical rhythm and reclaim your coordination.

Arrhythmias

• Describe the different types of arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and bradycardia.
• Explain the symptoms of arrhythmias, such as chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath.
• Discuss the causes of arrhythmias, such as heart disease, thyroid problems, and electrolyte imbalances.

Arrhythmias: When Your Heartbeat Goes Haywire

Imagine your heart as a symphony orchestra, with each beat a harmonious crescendo. But what happens when the conductor gets a little too excited, or the musicians start playing out of sync? That’s an arrhythmia, a quirky rhythm that can make your heart skip, flutter, or race.

Different arrhythmias have different personalities. Some, like atrial fibrillation, are like a runaway train, with the heart’s upper chambers quivering instead of contracting smoothly. Others, like ventricular tachycardia, are like a frantic drummer pounding out a rapid beat. And then there’s bradycardia, where your heart’s tempo slows down to a crawl.

The symptoms of arrhythmias can vary widely. Some people may feel nothing at all, while others experience:

• Chest pain like a nagging toothache
• Palpitations, a fluttering or pounding heart
• Shortness of breath, like gasping for air after a sprint

The causes of arrhythmias are just as diverse. Heart disease, thyroid issues, and electrolyte imbalances can all play a role. But sometimes, the culprit remains a mystery.

If you suspect you may have an arrhythmia, don’t hesitate to see your doctor. They can perform tests like an electrocardiogram (ECG) to capture your heart’s electrical activity and pinpoint the problem. With the right treatment, you can often get your heartbeat back in symphony, restoring harmony to your ticker.

Cardiac Syncope: When Your Heart Says “Lights Out!”

Meet Flo, a sprightly senior who’s always been as sturdy as an oak tree. But lately, she’s been feeling a little off-kilter. Her head spins, she gets lightheaded, and sometimes she even faints! These episodes have her feeling like she’s on a rollercoaster that won’t stop.

But what’s causing Flo’s dizzying spells? It could be cardiac syncope, a temporary loss of consciousness that’s related to the heart. It happens when the heart suddenly stops pumping enough blood to the brain.

The usual suspects behind cardiac syncope are arrhythmias, irregular heart rhythms that can cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or erratically. These electrical hiccups can disrupt the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively.

Another culprit is heart valve problems. Flo’s valves are like little doors that allow blood to flow through the heart. When these valves don’t work properly, it can lead to a drop in blood pressure, which can make Flo feel faint.

Last but not least, cardiomyopathy can also cause cardiac syncope. Cardiomyopathy is a condition where the heart muscle becomes weakened or enlarged. This makes it harder for the heart to pump blood, leading to a drop in blood pressure and dizziness.

Diagnosing cardiac syncope can be a bit like a detective game. The doctor will ask Flo about her symptoms, perform a physical exam, and order some tests. These could include:

• Tilt table test: This test checks if Flo faints when her head is tilted up.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test records the heart’s electrical activity, looking for any abnormal rhythms.

If Flo is diagnosed with cardiac syncope, there are treatments available to help keep her heart in rhythm and prevent future fainting spells. These might include medications, a pacemaker or defibrillator, or even surgery to correct a heart valve problem.

So, if you’re experiencing dizzy spells or fainting episodes, don’t be shy. Tell your doctor right away. They can help you figure out what’s causing your symptoms and get you on the path to feeling steady on your feet again.

Medication for Nausea and Vomiting

• Describe the different types of medication used to treat nausea and vomiting, such as antiemetics, противорвотное, and serotonin receptor antagonists.
• Explain the benefits and risks of each type of medication.
• Discuss how to choose the right medication for your needs.

Medication for Nausea and Vomiting: Your Guide to Feeling Better

If you’re one of the many people who suffer from nausea and vomiting, you know how miserable it can be. It can make it hard to work, study, socialize, or even enjoy your favorite activities. But the good news is that there are several effective medications available to help you get relief.

Types of Nausea and Vomiting Medications

There are three main types of medications used to treat nausea and vomiting:

1. Antiemetics work by blocking the signals in the brain that cause nausea and vomiting.
2. Proti–vomiting medications work by reducing the contractions in the stomach and intestines that can lead to vomiting.
3. Serotonin receptor antagonists work by blocking the effects of serotonin, a hormone that can trigger nausea and vomiting.

Benefits and Risks of Each Type of Medication

Each type of nausea and vomiting medication has its benefits and risks.

Antiemetics are generally safe and effective, but they can cause side effects such as drowsiness, dry mouth, and constipation.

Proti–vomiting medications can also be safe and effective, but they can cause side effects such as diarrhea, headache, and abdominal pain.

Serotonin receptor antagonists are generally well-tolerated, but they can cause side effects such as headache, dizziness, and fatigue.

Choosing the Right Medication for You

The best medication for you will depend on your individual needs and symptoms. Your doctor will consider factors such as the severity of your nausea and vomiting, your medical history, and any other medications you are taking.

If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, it is important to talk to your doctor before taking any nausea and vomiting medications.

How to Use Nausea and Vomiting Medications

Nausea and vomiting medications are usually taken orally, but some can also be given intravenously (IV) or rectally. It is important to take your medication exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take more than the recommended dose, and do not take it for longer than prescribed.

If you experience any side effects from your medication, talk to your doctor. They may be able to adjust your dosage or switch you to a different medication.

Nausea and vomiting can be a real pain, but there is help available. Talk to your doctor about which medication is right for you and get on the road to feeling better.

Neurological Examination

• Describe the different parts of a neurological examination, such as testing reflexes, coordination, and balance.
• Explain how a neurological examination can help diagnose vestibular and neurological disorders.
• Discuss how to prepare for a neurological examination.

Neurological Examination: Peeking into the Brain’s Functioning

Imagine your body is a symphony orchestra, with your brain conducting the show. When something goes awry in the orchestra, the neurological examination is like a maestro’s tool kit, helping us diagnose the root cause of the disharmony.

A neurological examination delves into the finer details of your reflexes, coordination, and balance. During the examination, be ready to show off your best dance moves as your doctor tests your ability to walk in a straight line, stand on one leg, or touch your nose with your eyes closed. These simple yet effective tests provide clues about the health of your cerebellum, which plays a pivotal role in coordinating movements and maintaining balance.

Not only that, but the examination also scrutinizes your sensory system, eye movements, facial expressions, and even your cognitive abilities. By observing how you respond to various stimuli, your doctor gathers vital information about the functioning of your vestibular system, which controls balance, and your brainstem, the lifeline connecting your brain to the rest of your body.

Preparing for a neurological examination is as simple as it gets. Get a good night’s sleep, put on comfortable clothes, and come in with a positive attitude. Your doctor will explain the examination process in detail, making sure you’re at ease and ready to rock the neurological stage!

Vestibular Function Testing: A Diagnostic Odyssey

When your vestibular system goes haywire, your world can turn upside down—literally! Vestibular function tests are like a detective’s mission to uncover the mystery of your wobbles and dizziness.

What’s a Vestibular Function Test?

Think of it as a “fitness test” for your balance system. Doctors use these tests to check how your brain and inner ears work together to keep you steady on your feet.

Types of Vestibular Function Tests

• Dix-Hallpike Maneuver: This one starts with you sitting upright and then quickly lying down on a table. The doc tilts your head back and to the side, looking for any eye movements that might reveal a vestibular issue.
• Romberg Test: Stand with your feet slightly apart, close your eyes, and try not to fall over. This simple test checks your balance and coordination.
• Head Impulse Test: Doc grabs your head and quickly jerks it to the side. This sneaky move tests your ability to keep your eyes focused on a target, which can indicate a vestibular disorder.

What Vestibular Function Tests Can Tell You

These tests help diagnose conditions like:

• Vertigo
• Dizziness
• Motion sickness
• Inner ear infections
• Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

Preparing for Vestibular Function Testing

Before your test, avoid alcohol, caffeine, and smoking, as they can affect your balance. Wear loose, comfortable clothing, and be prepared for some head movements that may make you feel a bit woozy.

Remember, vestibular function testing is a crucial step towards getting your balance back on track. So, embrace the detective work and let the tests guide your path to a steadier future!

Exercise and Falls Prevention Strategies for Improved Balance and Reduced Risk

Are you feeling a bit unsteady on your feet these days? Do you have trouble keeping your balance or worry about falling? If so, you’re not alone! Many people with vestibular or neurological disorders experience these challenges. But don’t fret, there’s hope! Exercise can be a game-changer in improving your balance and reducing your risk of falls.

Types of Exercises for Better Balance

When it comes to exercise for balance, there are plenty of options to choose from. Here are a few to get you started:

• Tai chi: This gentle, flowing exercise combines balance and coordination, making it ideal for enhancing stability.
• Yoga: Certain yoga poses, like tree pose and warrior II, challenge your balance and increase core strength.
• Balance exercises: These simple exercises, like standing on one leg or walking heel-to-toe, can effectively improve balance.
• Strength training: Strengthening your leg and core muscles will help you maintain a stable base.

Benefits of Exercise for Vestibular and Neurological Disorders

In addition to improving balance, exercise offers a plethora of benefits for individuals with vestibular or neurological disorders, including:

• Reduced dizziness: Regular exercise can help stabilize your inner ear and reduce feelings of dizziness.
• Improved coordination: Exercise promotes better coordination between your muscles and nervous system, leading to smoother movements.
• Increased strength and flexibility: Exercise strengthens your muscles and improves your flexibility, making you less susceptible to falls.
• Enhanced confidence: When you know you can stay on your feet, you’ll feel more confident and less anxious about falling.

How to Create a Safe and Effective Exercise Program

Before embarking on an exercise program, it’s always wise to consult with your healthcare provider. They can help you determine the best types of exercises and the appropriate intensity and duration. Here are some tips for creating a safe and effective program:

• Start slowly: Begin with short, easy exercises and gradually increase the difficulty and duration as you progress.
• Listen to your body: If you feel pain or discomfort, stop the exercise and consult your doctor.
• Choose exercises you enjoy: If you find an exercise enjoyable, you’re more likely to stick with it.
• Incorporate balance exercises: Aim to include at least a few balance exercises in each workout.
• Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids before, during, and after exercising.
• Find a qualified instructor: If you’re new to exercise or have specific balance issues, consider working with a qualified exercise physiologist or physical therapist.

By following these tips and incorporating exercise into your routine, you can significantly improve your balance, reduce your risk of falls, and live a more active and fulfilling life!

Cardiovascular Evaluation: Unmasking the Heart’s Secrets

Yo, check it! If you’re experiencing those pesky chest pains, shortness of breath, or fainting spells, it’s time to give your ticker a little checkup. Cardiovascular evaluations are like detectives for your heart, uncovering the hidden clues behind these mysterious symptoms.

There are a bunch of different ways to evaluate your cardiovascular health, but these three are the big dogs:

1. Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Think of this as a snapshot of your heart’s electrical activity. It’s like eavesdropping on the rhythm and beat of your ticker, revealing any abnormal heartbeats or arrhythmias.

2. Echocardiogram

This one uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your heart. It’s like a sneak peek into the inner workings of your heart, showing us the size, shape, and function of its chambers and valves.

3. Stress Test

This is where we put your heart through its paces. By monitoring your heart’s response to exercise or medication, we can see how it handles the pressure. It’s like a workout for your ticker, helping us spot any potential issues.

These evaluations are essential for diagnosing and managing conditions like arrhythmias and cardiac syncope. If you’re worried about your heart health, don’t hesitate to ask your doc for a cardiovascular evaluation. It’s the best way to ensure your ticker is running like a well-oiled machine.

Preparing for the Big Day

Before your evaluation, be sure to:

• Fill your empty stomach with some grub
• Steer clear of caffeine and nicotine for a few hours
• Wear comfy clothes that let you move around
• Bring a list of all your meds and any relevant medical history

With these tips in mind, you’ll be ready to face the cardiovascular evaluation head-on and uncover the mysteries behind your heart’s health.