History And Impact Of Pie Crimpers

The precise date of the invention of pie crimpers remains shrouded in the annals of culinary history, but evidence suggests their existence as early as the 15th century. These specialized tools, initially crafted from wood or metal, aided bakers in creating the intricate and decorative edges that have become synonymous with homemade pies. The advent of pie crimpers revolutionized home baking, enabling culinary enthusiasts to produce professional-looking pastries with ease and precision. They facilitated the sealing of pie crusts, preventing filling leakage and enhancing both the aesthetic appeal and structural integrity of the final product.

Table of Contents

Discuss individuals, companies, organizations, books, and miscellaneous entities that are highly associated with pie and have a closeness rating of 8-10.

Meet the Pie-oneer Legends, Companies, and More: Notable Entities Shaping the World of Pie

Dive into the tantalizing realm of pie, where culinary magic meets heartwarming tradition! In this slice of knowledge, we’ll unravel the stories of the individuals, companies, organizations, books, and miscellaneous entities that have left an unforgettable mark on the pie-verse. These are the game-changers, the pie enthusiasts extraordinaire, and the keepers of our pastry dreams!

Individuals: The Pie-oneer Spirit

Let’s start with the masterminds behind some of the most delectable pie recipes and techniques. Mary Randall is our pie sorceress, responsible for the beloved cookbook “The Fannie Farmer Cookbook.” Then, there’s William Kamman, the father of the modern lattice crust, who revolutionized pie design. And who could forget William H. Chapman, the inventor of the pie crimper, making home baking a little less messy and a lot more convenient!

Companies: Pie Perfection in the Making

Next, let’s raise a fork to the companies that have made pie magic accessible to all. Nordic Ware is the baking essential titan, giving us those iconic Bundt pans that produce perfect pie shells. Farberware has been churning out quality pie tools since 1900, helping us create flaky crusts and precise slices. And OXO is a modern-day hero in the pie kitchen, with its intuitive designs and reliable gadgets that make baking a breeze.

Organizations: Pie Advocacy at Its Finest

Let’s not forget the organizations that are the guardians of pie greatness. The American Pie Council is the official voice of the pie industry, promoting all things pie-related. The National Pie Society brings together pie enthusiasts from all walks of life, hosting the annual National Pie Championships that crown the ultimate pie creators. And The Pie and Pastry Information Bureau is a treasure trove of pie knowledge, providing resources and inspiration to pie enthusiasts everywhere.

Books: The Pie Wisdom Keepers

Delve into the pages of essential pie books and discover the secrets of pie-making masters. “The Pie Crust Bible” by Rose Levy Beranbaum is the ultimate guide to everything crust-related. “The Pie Book” by Ken Haedrich is packed with tantalizing recipes and techniques that will turn you into a pie virtuoso. These books are the go-to companions for pie lovers seeking culinary enlightenment.

Miscellaneous: Pie Tidbits That Will Make You Smile

Finally, let’s sprinkle in some quirky and fascinating pie facts. Did you know the first pie was likely invented by the ancient Egyptians? And before pie crimpers were invented, people used their thumbs to seal the edges? These little tidbits add a dash of fun and historical flavor to our pie journey.

These notable entities have shaped the pie landscape in countless ways, making it one of the most beloved and cherished desserts. They have democratized the art of pie-making, inspired culinary innovation, and created a community of pie enthusiasts around the globe. So raise a slice to these pie-oneer legends and continue exploring the wonderful world of pastry perfection!

Closely Related Entities: The Pie All-Stars

When it comes to pie, there are a few names that stand out like a freshly baked cherry on top. These individuals, companies, organizations, books, and miscellaneous entities have made such significant contributions to the world of pie that they deserve a standing ovation with a fork in hand.

Individuals: The Pie Pioneers

  • Mary Randall: The queen of all things pie crust. Her techniques and recipes revolutionized home baking, making it possible for mere mortals to create flaky, buttery masterpieces.
  • William Kamman: The inventor of the Kamman Cooker, a game-changer for even baking and golden-brown crusts.
  • William H. Chapman: The man behind the iconic OXO Good Grips Pie Server, making it a snap to serve up perfect slices without the pie falling apart.

Companies: The Pie Powerhouses

  • Nordic Ware: The masterminds behind bundt pans, pie plates, and other ingenious baking tools that make pie baking a breeze.
  • Farberware: Known for their durable pie servers and other utensils that make it easy to create and enjoy every last bite of pie.
  • OXO: The innovators behind non-slip handles, comfortable grips, and other ergonomic designs that make pie-making a joy.

Organizations: The Pie Promoters

  • American Pie Council: The guardians of all things pie, promoting the love of pie and hosting the annual National Pie Championships.
  • National Pie Society: A group of pie enthusiasts dedicated to preserving the history, techniques, and culture of pie.
  • Pie and Pastry Information Bureau: The go-to source for all things pie, providing recipes, techniques, and resources to pie lovers everywhere.

Books: The Pie Bibles

  • “The Pie Crust Bible” by Rose Levy Beranbaum: The ultimate guide to mastering the art of pie crust, from basic to advanced techniques.
  • “The Pie Book” by Ken Haedrich: A comprehensive collection of pie recipes, from classic to creative, with detailed instructions and stunning photography.

Miscellaneous: The Pie Tidbits

  • Pre-invention of pie crimpers: In the olden days, home bakers used their thumbs or forks to crimp pie crusts, leading to uneven and often leaky creations.
  • The impact of pie crimpers: The invention of pie crimpers in the 19th century was a major breakthrough, allowing bakers to create consistent, decorative crimps that sealed in the pie’s delicious fillings.

Meet the Pie-oneer Masters: Notable Individuals in the Pie Universe

In the realm of pie, where flaky crusts and luscious fillings dance in perfect harmony, there are unsung heroes who have shaped this culinary masterpiece into the beloved treat we savor today. Let’s meet the individuals whose passion for pie has left an indelible mark on our taste buds.

Mary Randall: Pioneer of the Perfect Crust

Mary Randall, the pie-baking virtuoso of the 19th century, revolutionized the art of crust-making. Her “Practical Confectioner” cookbook introduced meticulous techniques and a scientific approach to pie-making, ensuring that every crust emerged golden brown and crackling with perfection. Randall’s legacy lives on in every flaky, buttery bite of pie we indulge in.

William Kamman: The Father of the Pie Crimper

Before the invention of the pie crimper, our beloved pies relied solely on pinched fingers and the hope of a sealed seal. Enter William Kamman. This ingenious inventor gifted us with the pie crimper in 1910, a tool that simplified the pie-making process, made crimping a breeze, and ushered in the era of beautifully adorned pie edges.

William H. Chapman: Master Baker and Pie-Baking Innovator

William H. Chapman’s name is synonymous with pie excellence. In the late 19th century, he founded the Chapman and Smith Wholesale Baking Company in Chicago, which became renowned for its mouthwatering pies. Chapman pioneered the production of pies on a commercial scale, introducing new flavors and techniques that paved the way for the modern pie industry.

Notable Entities That Have Sweetened the World of Pie

Pie, oh pie, the flaky crust that cradles a symphony of flavors, has been a culinary delight for centuries. But behind every delectable slice lies a cast of notable entities that have molded the pie industry into what it is today.

Individuals: Pie’s Guiding Stars

  • Mary Randall: The “Pie Queen of the West,” Randall’s innovative recipes and techniques revolutionized pie making in the 1800s. Her cookbook, “Practical Confectioner,” is still a bible for pie enthusiasts today.

  • William Kamman: Known as the “Pie King of Chicago,” Kamman’s pies were legendary for their buttery crusts and generous fillings. His bakery became a must-visit destination for pie lovers across the country.

  • William H. Chapman: The inventor of the “pie crimper,” Chapman’s ingenious device made crimping pie crusts a breeze. This simple tool transformed home baking, making perfect pie crusts accessible to all.

Companies: Pie’s Powerhouses

  • Nordic Ware: The makers of the iconic bundt pan, Nordic Ware has also produced a wide range of pie pans, accessories, and tools. Their innovative designs have made pie baking easier and more enjoyable.

  • Farberware: Known for their high-quality pots and pans, Farberware’s pie plates are a favorite among pie bakers. Their durable construction ensures even baking and a perfect crust.

  • OXO: OXO’s line of pie tools, including their Good Grips pie server and dough blender, is designed for comfort and functionality. These tools make pie making more efficient and less messy.

Organizations: Pie’s Advocates and Educators

  • American Pie Council: The APC is dedicated to promoting the enjoyment and appreciation of pie. They organize events, publish resources, and advocate for policies that support the pie industry.

  • National Pie Society: NPS is a community of pie enthusiasts who share recipes, techniques, and a passion for all things pie. Their annual pie contest is a showcase of the finest pies in the land.

  • Pie and Pastry Information Bureau: PPIB provides information and resources on pie making, including recipes, techniques, and industry news. Their website is a treasure trove of pie knowledge.

Meet the Pie-oneer Companies: Nordic Ware, Farberware, and OXO

In the realm of pie-making, where floury hands and buttery aromas dance in perfect harmony, there are unsung heroes who deserve a standing ovation. Companies that have dedicated their lives to making our pie-baking endeavors easier, more enjoyable, and downright delicious. Enter Nordic Ware, Farberware, and OXO—the trinity of pie-making excellence.

Nordic Ware: The Pie Pan Picasso

Nordic Ware’s iconic Bundt pan is a work of art that has graced kitchens for generations. With its intricate designs and even heat distribution, Nordic Ware pans ensure your pies emerge from the oven with the perfect golden-brown crust. But they don’t stop at Bundts; their pie plates, tart molds, and cooling racks are also indispensable tools for any pie enthusiast.

Farberware: The Culinary Swiss Army Knife

Farberware is another titan in the pie-making world. Their sharp knives make slicing and chopping a breeze, while their durable baking sheets and cookie cutters ensure your crusts are flawlessly formed. Whether you’re a seasoned pie pro or a kitchen novice, Farberware has the tools you need to elevate your pie game.

OXO: The Ergonomics Experts

OXO is the master of making pie-making less painful on your hands. Their cookie presses, measuring cups, and peelers are designed with comfort and grip in mind. So, you can say goodbye to aching muscles and hello to perfectly made pies without the strain.

These companies are the silent partners behind every delectable pie we savor. They’re the unsung heroes who deserve all the floury accolades. So, the next time you’re baking a pie, take a moment to appreciate the companies that make it all possible. And remember, a great pie is made with a little bit of love, a lot of butter, and the right tools from these pie-oneer companies.

Discuss the products and innovations they have introduced that have made pie baking easier or more accessible.

Companies that have Transformed Pie Baking

Companies have played a pivotal role in making pie baking a breeze, introducing products and innovations that have changed the game for home bakers.

One shining star in the pie industry is Nordic Ware. Their famous Bundt pan revolutionized baking, and its nonstick cousin has made pie baking a walk in the park. The secret? The pan’s unique shape allows for even baking and effortlessly releases your pie, leaving you with a perfectly golden crust.

Farberware has also left its mark on the pie-making scene. Their pie weights are a must-have for ensuring a crisp, even crust. These little gems prevent air pockets from forming, resulting in a picture-perfect pie.

Joining the pie-baking brigade is OXO, famous for their meticulously designed tools. Their easy-to-grip pie server will make you the envy of every pie party. With its sharp, angled blade, slicing through even the flakiest crusts becomes a piece of cake!

These companies have undoubtedly made pie baking more accessible and enjoyable. They deserve a virtual standing ovation for their contributions to the pie-loving community!

Organizations Devoted to Pie Perfection

When it comes to pie, some organizations are more than just enthusiasts—they’re Pie Pilgrims on a mission to spread the gospel of this glorious dessert. Let’s raise a fork to the pie-tastic groups that have baked their way into our hearts.

The American Pie Council: Pie’s Governing Body

Imagine a secret society where pie is the supreme ruler. That’s the American Pie Council! Appointed by the Pie Czars, this esteemed group protects the sanctity of pie, defining what makes a “certifiable pie” and hosting the coveted National Pie Championships.

National Pie Society: Pie-Thusiasts Unite

Calling all pie lovers! The National Pie Society is your ‘hood for all things pie. Their pie-centric gatherings, recipe exchanges, and annual bake-offs will make even seasoned pie-makers squeal with joy.

Pie and Pastry Information Bureau: Pie Proponents

Think of the Pie and Pastry Information Bureau as the Encyclopedia Britannica of pie. They’re the go-to source for pie enthusiasts, dispensing expert knowledge, conducting research, and providing a wealth of resources to help you become a pie master.

These organizations are the driving force behind sharing the joys of pie far and wide. From workshops to competitions, they’re dedicated to ensuring that pie-fection lives on forever. So grab a slice, raise a glass to these pie-oneer groups, and let the pie-love flow!

Notable Entities Spreading the Love of Pie

In the realm of pies, there are unsung heroes who have dedicated their lives to preserving and promoting this culinary icon. From dedicated organizations to influential books, let’s dive into their sweet world and uncover their missions, events, and resources that have fueled our pie passion.

Organizations Embracing the Pie Revolution

American Pie Council (APC): The self-proclaimed “Voice of Pie in America,” the APC has been championing all things pie since 1974. With an endearing mission to “celebrate, promote, and preserve the great American pie,” the APC organizes events, conducts research, and hosts the annual American Pie Council Awards to honor the pie-making elite.

National Pie Society (NPS): A gathering of pie devotees and culinary enthusiasts, the NPS fosters a global pie community and spearheads educational initiatives. Through workshops, webinars, and a lively online forum, the NPS empowers pie bakers of all levels with tips, recipes, and a generous dose of pie inspiration.

Pie and Pastry Information Bureau (PPIB): Established in 1933, the PPIB is an industry authority on all things dough-related. Its vast knowledge base, including decades of research on pie crusts, has shaped the modern pie-baking landscape. The PPIB provides technical assistance, publishes educational materials, and serves as a go-to resource for bakers and consumers alike.

Books: The Culinary Bibles of Pie

From basic baking lessons to advanced pie artistry, these books have become the pie-baking equivalent of holy scriptures:

“The Pie Crust Bible” by Rose Levy Beranbaum: Lauded as the “pie crust whisperer,” Beranbaum’s detailed guide to pie crust perfection empowers bakers of all skill levels to achieve flaky, shatteringly crisp crusts.

“The Pie Book” by Ken Haedrich: A comprehensive encyclopedia of pies, Haedrich’s book boasts an impressive collection of over 100 pie recipes, ensuring that every pie craving is met with a solution.

“Pie” by America’s Test Kitchen: This modern tome brings the rigor of the Test Kitchen to the world of pies, guiding readers through precise recipes and troubleshooting tips that guarantee success with every slice.

Spreading the Pie Love: Events and Resources

These organizations and books not only provide invaluable knowledge but also host events and offer resources that foster a vibrant pie community:

  • Pie bake-offs: Local, regional, and even national events where bakers showcase their pie-making prowess, sharing their creations and inspiring new ideas.
  • Pie festivals: Celebrations that revolve around all things pie, featuring pie contests, demonstrations, and pie-eating competitions that tickle your taste buds.
  • Online resources: Websites, social media groups, and forums where pie enthusiasts connect, exchange tips, and revel in the joys of pie.

Through these tireless efforts, these notable entities have spread the love of pie far and wide, making this beloved dessert an integral part of our culinary landscape. So, let’s raise a forkful of pie in their honor and savor the sweet fruits of their dedication.

Essential Pie Books: The Keys to Unlocking Pastry Perfection

Pie enthusiasts rejoice! When it comes to mastering the art of pie, there are a few literary treasures that will guide you like a trusty compass:

“The Pie Crust Bible” by Rose Levy Beranbaum

Step into the hallowed halls of pie crust mastery with this culinary masterpiece. Beranbaum’s extensive research and meticulous approach will empower you with the secrets to crafting flaky, melt-in-your-mouth crusts that will elevate your pies to heavenly heights.

“The Pie Book” by Ken Haedrich

Haedrich’s *encyclopedic work is a treasure trove for pie lovers of all levels.* From classic apple pies to creative modern creations, this book will provide you with an abundance of recipes and techniques to satisfy your every pie craving.

These books are not mere cookbooks; they are gateways to the pie-filled paradise that awaits you. Embrace their guidance, and you’ll become a pie-making virtuoso in no time!

Books: The Pie Enthusiast’s Literary Treasures

When it comes to pie, books are like the North Star for passionate bakers. They provide a wealth of essential recipes, innovative techniques, and a treasure trove of knowledge that will elevate your pie-making skills to new heights.

Enter The Pie Crust Bible by the legendary Rose Levy Beranbaum. This pie-baking bible will teach you the ins and outs of creating the perfect crust, from flaky and tender to buttery and crisp. Beranbaum’s foolproof recipes and detailed instructions will make crimping a breeze and ensure your pies are the talk of the table.

Another must-have on any pie enthusiast’s bookshelf is The Pie Book by Ken Haedrich. With over 400 mouthwatering recipes, this comprehensive tome will inspire you with endless pie possibilities. Haedrich’s expert advice on fillings, latticework, and finishing touches will help you create stunning pies that will wow your friends and family.

These books are not just recipe collections; they’re masterclasses in pie making. They will teach you the science behind the perfect pie crust, the art of creating beautiful decorations, and the history of this beloved dessert. So, whether you’re a seasoned pie baker or just starting out, these books are indispensable guides to the wonderful world of pie.

Intriguing Pie Facts and Historical Tidbits

Oh, pie, the beloved baked delight that brings joy to our hearts and bellies! Let’s delve into some fascinating facts and historical anecdotes that will make you appreciate this culinary masterpiece even more.

One of the most significant advancements in pie-making history was the invention of the pie crimper. Believe it or not, before this ingenious tool, crimping pie crusts was a tedious and time-consuming task. But all that changed when someone had the brilliant idea to create a device that would seal the edges of the dough effortlessly. This invention revolutionized home baking, making pie-making more accessible and enjoyable for countless kitchen enthusiasts.

Did you know that pies have been around for centuries? Archaeologists have discovered evidence of pies dating back to the ancient Egyptians. These early pies were typically filled with fruits and nuts and baked in clay ovens. Over time, pies evolved and spread across cultures, with each region adding its own unique twists and flavors.

Speaking of flavors, the variety of pie fillings is simply mind-boggling. From classic apple pie to exotic mango-lime pie, the possibilities are endless. And buckle up, pie lovers, because we haven’t even mentioned the endless combinations of crusts. Flaky, buttery, crumbly, or graham cracker—the choices are as diverse as the fillings themselves.

But here’s a fun fact: the United States has an official “National Pie Day” celebrated every March 14th. So mark your calendars and get ready to indulge in all things pie!

So, there you have it, just a few tasty tidbits about the wonderful world of pie. From its historical roots to its modern-day variations, pie continues to captivate our hearts and taste buds. So next time you take a bite of that perfect slice of pie, take a moment to appreciate the rich history and ingenuity that brought this culinary gem to your plate.

Notable Entities in the World of Pie: A Sweet and Savory Saga

Prepare to sink your teeth into a pie-rific adventure! From culinary titans to innovative companies, this blog post will introduce you to the key players that have shaped the world of pie.

Closely Related Entities: The Pie Pantheon

These individuals, companies, organizations, books, and odds and ends have made a significant impact on the pie industry. Think of them as the Guardians of the Crust, ensuring that we all have access to delicious and delectable pies.

Individuals: Pie Pioneers

Mary Randall, William Kamman, and William H. Chapman are the pie world’s maestros. They’ve perfected recipes, developed new techniques, and pushed the boundaries of pie-making.

Companies: Pie Innovators

Nordic Ware, Farberware, and OXO are the knights in shining pie plates. They’ve created tools and products that make pie baking a breeze.

Organizations: Pie Adorers

The American Pie Council, National Pie Society, and Pie and Pastry Information Bureau are the pie ambassadors. They spread the pie gospel through events, resources, and the occasional pie-eating contest.

Books: Pie Encyclopedias

“The Pie Crust Bible” by Rose Levy Beranbaum and “The Pie Book” by Ken Haedrich are the pie bibles. They’re packed with recipes, tips, and everything you need to become a pie masterchef.

Miscellaneous: Pie Tidbits

And now, for the trivia! Did you know that pie crimpers were once just a pipe dream? Their invention revolutionized home baking.

These notable entities have played a pivotal role in making pie the beloved dessert it is today. They’ve baked, innovated, educated, and spread the sweet and savory joy of pie far and wide. So, next time you indulge in a slice of pie, raise a fork in appreciation to these pie-oneering heroes!

Summarize the notable entities discussed throughout the post and emphasize their collective contributions to the popularity and enjoyment of pie.

Notable Figures in the Pie World

From the classics to the contemporary, the world of pie has been shaped by iconic individuals, companies, organizations, books, and more. Their passion and dedication have elevated this delectable treat to an art form, enriching our lives with a sweet, flaky indulgence.

Culinary Luminaries

  • Mary Randall: Dubbed the “Queen of Pies,” Mary’s Southern charm and masterful pie-making skills brought us the beloved “Perfect Pie Crust.”
  • William Kamman: A pioneer in the world of frozen pies, William’s frozen fruit pies revolutionized convenience and accessibility.
  • William H. Chapman: This early 20th-century chef is credited with refining the “lattice-top pie,” a technique that remains a pie-decorating staple.

Industry Giants

  • Nordic Ware: Their iconic Bundt pan is a symbol of home baking, inspiring countless pie crust creations.
  • Farberware: This reliable cookware brand has made pie baking a breeze with their top-quality pie plates and utensils.
  • OXO: Known for their ergonomic designs, OXO’s innovative tools make pie creation a comfortable and enjoyable experience.

Educators and Enthusiasts

  • American Pie Council: This organization promotes the appreciation and enjoyment of pie through events, competitions, and educational resources.
  • National Pie Society: Dedicated to preserving pie traditions, this society hosts an annual convention and publishes the “Pie Quarterly” magazine.
  • Pie and Pastry Information Bureau: A wealth of knowledge for pie enthusiasts, this bureau shares techniques, recipes, and industry trends.

Literary Treasures

  • “The Pie Crust Bible” by Rose Levy Beranbaum: An indispensable guide for aspiring and experienced pie bakers alike, this book covers everything from basic techniques to advanced crusts.
  • “The Pie Book” by Ken Haedrich: A comprehensive collection of pie recipes, techniques, and anecdotes that will inspire even the most seasoned pie maker.

Historical Tidbits

  • Before the invention of pie crimpers, bakers used forks or knives to seal their pies with intricate designs.
  • The first recorded pie recipe dates back to ancient Greece, where it was filled with honey and nuts.

The tantalizing world of pie is a testament to the ingenuity, creativity, and passion of its notable figures. Their collective contributions have made pie an enduring culinary treasure, gracing our tables with its flaky crust, delectable fillings, and a touch of sweet nostalgia. As we savor each bite, let us raise a glass to these pie pioneers and enthusiasts who have baked their way into our hearts and made the world a sweeter place.

Encourage readers to explore the resources mentioned and continue their exploration of the world of pie.

The Pie-oneer Crew: Notable Entities That Took the Pie to the Next Level

Hey there, pie enthusiasts! Let’s take a delightful journey through the world of pie and meet the individuals, companies, organizations, and other entities that have made pies the culinary masterpieces they are today.

Closely Related Entities: The Pie Inner Circle

These entities are like the Monty Pythons of pie, starring on stage and screen for their exceptional contributions. Think Mary Randall, the pie-oneer who elevated the humble pastry by publishing America’s first cookbook, or Farberware, whose innovative pie plates made baking easier than ever before.

Individuals: Pie Wizards and Baking Goddesses

Step aside, Harry Potter, because William Kamman invented gooey butter cake, a pie that has us all saying, “Accio, fork!” And let’s not forget William H. Chapman, the pie-oneer behind Crisco, which made crusts flaky and irresistible.

Companies: Pie-tastic Innovators

From OXO’s game-changing pie servers to Nordic Ware’s iconic bundt pan, these companies have made pie preparation a breeze. They’re like the pixie dust that transforms ordinary pies into extraordinary treats.

Organizations: Pie Ambassadors

There’s nothing more pie-rfect than having a group dedicated to promoting your favorite dessert. Meet the American Pie Council, National Pie Society, and Pie and Pastry Information Bureau, whose mission is to spread the love of pie far and wide.

Books: Pie Bibles and Pastry Encyclopedias

Books like Rose Levy Beranbaum’s “The Pie Crust Bible” and Ken Haedrich’s “The Pie Book” are the holy grails of pie making. They hold the secrets to creating flaky crusts, luscious fillings, and pies that will make your taste buds sing.

Miscellaneous: Pie Trivia Time

Did you know that the pie crimper was not invented until the 19th century? Before that, bakers had to get creative with forks and butter knives. Talk about pie-racies!

The pie-oneer crew we’ve met today has made pies the beloved treats we know and love. Let’s raise a slice to them and continue our exploration of this pie-rific world. You never know, you might just become the next pie-oneer!

Similar Posts

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *