Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterized by dark, velvety skin in body creases. In PCOS, it can be a sign of insulin resistance, which is a major factor in the development of the syndrome. Insulin resistance can lead to excessive production of the hormone androgen, which can cause symptoms like hirsutism (excess facial hair)…
Echogenic splenic lesions are abnormal areas in the spleen that appear bright on ultrasound. They can be caused by various conditions, including lymphoma, leukemia, and metastatic disease. Differential diagnosis involves distinguishing between these conditions based on symptoms, lab tests, and imaging. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy,…
“Liver Segments CT” provides a comprehensive overview of the liver’s anatomy, emphasizing the importance of segmentation, lobes, and fissures in imaging studies. It explores the principles and applications of CT, including multidetector CT and contrast enhancement, for liver evaluation. The course highlights clinical applications in liver resection, tumor management, transplantation, vascular embolization, and biliary surgery….
Splenic sequestration, characterized by an enlarged spleen, manifests in abdominal discomfort due to organ size, early satiety caused by reduced stomach capacity, and general fatigue. Conditions such as portal hypertension and hematologic disorders increase the risk of sequestration. Potential complications include hypersplenism, infections, and splenic rupture. Diagnosis involves imaging, blood tests, and physical exams. Treatment…
Rabbit liver, rich in nutrients, offers significant liver health benefits. It promotes liver function improvement, reduces the risk of liver diseases, and supports detoxification and metabolism. Its components, hepatocytes and liver enzymes, play crucial roles in these processes, regulating nutrient storage, bile production, and detoxification. Consuming rabbit liver as part of a balanced diet can…
Mallory body in liver is a diagnostic cytological finding in the liver biopsy of a Mallory-Denk body that is a type of cytoplasmic inclusion body found in hepatocytes. It is a hallmark of alcoholic hepatitis and is a form of alcoholic liver disease. Mallory-Denk bodies are found in hepatocytes in association with advanced alcoholic liver…
Cirrhosis and splenomegaly are complications of liver disease with high closeness ratings. Cirrhosis refers to end-stage liver disease characterized by fibrotic scarring, leading to impaired liver function and portal hypertension. Splenomegaly is an enlarged spleen, often associated with portal hypertension and hypersplenism, a condition where the spleen sequesters blood cells. Together, cirrhosis and splenomegaly contribute…
Consuming Red Bull, an energy drink high in caffeine and taurine, has raised concerns about its impact on liver damage. Despite some anecdotal reports, scientific evidence is inconclusive. Research from institutions like Mayo Clinic and studies published in reputable journals like JAMA indicate that moderate Red Bull consumption is generally safe for healthy individuals. However,…
Gpase misregulation in the liver disrupts hepatic processes and contributes to disorders such as NAFLD and cirrhosis. Small GTPases, including Rho, Rac, and Cdc42, control hepatocyte proliferation, differentiation, and fibrosis. Guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins, such as GEFs and GAPs, regulate GTPase activity. Dysregulation of these signaling pathways, including MAPK, PI3K, and NF-κB, impairs liver function….
Liver-directed therapy encompasses a range of localized treatments specifically targeting liver tumors. These therapies aim to minimize systemic side effects while maximizing tumor control. Techniques include radioembolization, which delivers radiation directly to tumors via embolized particles, and transarterial chemoembolization, which combines embolization with chemotherapy infusion. Other liver-directed therapies include ablation techniques such as cryoablation, which…
Cirrhosis without ascites is characterized by irreversible liver scarring with absent fluid accumulation in the abdomen. It is often associated with viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause through lifestyle modifications, medications, or liver transplantation. Complications include esophageal varices, gastrointestinal bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy. Regular…
Atypical hemangiomas, a rare subtype of hepatic hemangiomas, are characterized by atypical histological features such as mitotic activity, hypercellularity, and vascular invasion. These lesions exhibit aggressive behavior with a high risk of local recurrence and distant metastasis. Despite sharing similar imaging characteristics with typical hemangiomas, atypical hemangiomas may demonstrate atypical enhancement patterns on contrast-enhanced imaging….
