Liver Granuloma Ultrasound Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of internal organs. It can be used to visualize liver granulomas, which are small, inflammatory lesions in the liver. Granulomas can be caused by a variety of infections and non-infectious conditions. Ultrasound features of liver granulomas can vary…

Gestational alloimmune liver disease (GALD) occurs when maternal antibodies against incompatible fetal red blood cells cross the placenta and attack them, leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The most common cause is ABO incompatibility, where the mother has blood type A or B and the baby has blood type O. In Rh incompatibility,…

A hypointense liver lesion refers to an area of the liver that appears dark or diminished in intensity on medical imaging, such as MRI or CT scans. This can be indicative of several conditions, including benign lesions like hemangiomas or cysts, or malignant lesions like hepatocellular carcinoma or metastatic tumors. Further evaluation with additional imaging…

Hypodense hepatic lesions are areas within the liver that appear darker on imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs. These lesions can be caused by a variety of entities, including cancers (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma), benign tumors (e.g., hemangioma, adenoma), liver cysts, and infections (e.g., abscesses). The specific cause of a hypodense hepatic lesion can…

The liver is a homogeneous organ composed primarily of parenchymal cells, including hepatocytes, responsible for various liver functions. Non-parenchymal cells, such as sinusoidal endothelial cells, liver macrophages, and stellate cells, assist in blood filtration and immune response. The unique sinusoids facilitate blood flow and exchange. Portal triads, composed of bile ducts, hepatic arteries, and veins,…

A subcapsular hematoma of the liver is a collection of blood beneath the liver’s outer capsule. It can result from blunt abdominal trauma or spontaneous rupture of liver cysts. Symptoms may include abdominal pain and tenderness, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Ultrasound or CT scans can diagnose the condition. Treatment typically involves conservative management with pain…

Imaging techniques play a crucial role in assessing fatty liver. Ultrasound, CT, and MRI can detect the presence and extent of fat accumulation. Advanced methods like the liver-to-spleen attenuation ratio, proton density fat fraction, and hepatic parenchymal echogenicity provide precise measurements of fat content, helping in diagnosis, staging, and monitoring the progression of fatty liver…

Soluble liver antigen (SLA) is a liver protein that is released into the blood in response to liver damage. It is a marker for inflammation and damage to the liver, and its levels can be used to monitor disease activity and response to treatment. SLA is also associated with several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid…

Hepatocytes do not possess the ability to divide and proliferate; instead, they undergo a process known as polyploidization, where they increase their DNA content without undergoing cell division. This unique characteristic contributes to the liver’s remarkable regenerative capacity, as damaged hepatocytes can be replaced by polyploidization of neighboring cells. Cellular Constituents: The Powerhouse and Guardians…

Hypodense lesions in the liver, appearing darker on imaging, are often associated with benign liver conditions like hemangiomas, liver cysts, and focal nodular hyperplasia. These lesions are typically slow-growing and asymptomatic. However, hypodense lesions can also indicate malignant liver tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma, requiring prompt medical attention and further diagnostic procedures. Focal…

Pathophysiology: CFTR mutations disrupt bile flow, leading to cholestasis and liver inflammation. Clinical Manifestations: Gallstones, cholestasis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Diagnosis: Blood tests, ultrasound, biopsy. Treatment: Ursodeoxycholic acid, antibiotics, liver transplant. Complications: Portal hypertension, esophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy. Prognosis: Regular monitoring, early diagnosis, and HCC screening crucial for management. Pathophysiology of Liver Disease in Cystic Fibrosis Explain…

Acanthosis and hyperkeratosis refer to excessive growth of the outermost skin layer. Entities with high closeness to topic scores (8-10) include Darier’s disease, keratoderma, ichthyosis, Darier-White disease, Hailey-Hailey disease, Grover’s disease, Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, and warts. Associated conditions with lower scores (7) are sun exposure, chronic skin irritation, and HPV infection. Diagnostic tests include skin biopsy,…