Wicket spikes are sharp, transient voltage deflections in the electroencephalogram (EEG) that are associated with epilepsy. They are typically seen in the temporal lobe and can occur interictally (between seizures) or ictally (during a seizure). Wicket spikes are characterized by their short duration (less than 50 ms), high amplitude, and negative polarity. They are named…

Electromyography (EMG) is commonly used to assess neuromuscular disorders and surgical outcomes. Jitter analysis, an algorithm used in EMG, quantifies variations in the time interval between motor unit potentials (MUPs), providing insights into neuromuscular junction function. Statistical analysis is applied to EMG data to identify abnormalities in MUP characteristics, such as amplitude, duration, and recruitment…

Brain death EEG, a test used to determine brain function, involves examining brain waves to identify any electrical activity. The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) and American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (ACNS) provide guidance on brain death criteria. The European Academy of Neurology (EAN) and Society for Neuroscience (SfN) contribute to the understanding of brain death….

Alpha coma EEG refers to an electroencephalographic pattern that exhibits a continuous or intermittent rhythm of 8-13 Hz (alpha waves) in a comatose patient. Medically known as alpha coma or alpha-delta coma, it is associated with severe brain dysfunction and is typically observed in disorders such as post-anoxic encephalopathy, diffuse axonal injury, and global cerebral…

Computerized dynamic posturography employs force plates and electromyography (EMG) sensors to measure forces and muscle activity during movement. This advanced assessment tool evaluates balance while walking, turning, or performing other dynamic tasks. It quantifies balance parameters, analyzes sensory organization, and assesses motor control, providing valuable insights into vestibular disorders, balance problems, gait abnormalities, neurological conditions,…

Technical Foundations of QEEG QEEG relies on the principles of electroencephalography (EEG), a technique that records brain electrical activity. The “double banana” electrode montage is commonly used in QEEG, where 19 electrodes are placed along the scalp in two rows, allowing for comprehensive analysis of brainwave patterns. Advanced analysis techniques such as phase shift analysis…

Long-term video EEG monitoring is a specialized diagnostic procedure performed in epilepsy centers, neurology clinics, or sleep disorders clinics by neurologists, epileptologists, or sleep physicians. It involves the continuous recording of brain activity and video footage over several days to capture seizures and other abnormal brain patterns. This advanced technology aids in diagnosing epilepsy, identifying…

Delta brush EEG is a pattern characterized by low-frequency (1-4 Hz) delta waves superimposed by a high-frequency (10-30 Hz) “brush” discharge. This pattern is often associated with cortical irritation or seizure activity and can be seen in conditions such as encephalopathies, metabolic disturbances, and certain types of epilepsy. Meet the Brains Behind EEG: Experts with…

XL spikes, large and slow EEG waves, are linked to various etiopathologies, including epilepsy, limbic system activation, and sleep-wake cycle disturbances. QEEG, a diagnostic tool that measures brainwave activity, enables the detection of XL spikes by identifying abnormal patterns. This diagnostic method provides a non-invasive way to assess brain activity during sleep but may have…

Electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) are powerful non-invasive techniques for evaluating brain and muscle function. EEG measures brain electrical activity, helping diagnose seizures, sleep disorders, and brain injuries. EMG records muscle electrical activity, aiding in diagnosing muscle disorders, nerve damage, and spinal cord injuries. These techniques play crucial roles in neurology, psychiatry, and rehabilitation, enabling…

Rapid EEG is a continuous monitoring technique that involves the recording of brain activity using electrodes placed on the scalp. It allows for the detection of abnormal brain activity, such as seizures or other neurological disorders, in real-time. By providing a continuous and dynamic view of brain activity, rapid EEG enhances the accuracy and efficiency…

Transitional emp negative cross: This is a type of protective device used to guard against electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) and other transient threats. It comprises a combination of a transitional filter and an energy-absorbing negative cross, designed to effectively attenuate high-frequency energy while maintaining low impedance for grounding purposes. These devices are primarily utilized in critical…