A hip knee ankle foot orthosis (HKAFO) is a custom-designed brace that spans the entire lower extremity, from the hip to the foot. It is prescribed for individuals with conditions that require joint stabilization and mobility support, such as cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries, and severe leg deformities. HKAFOs help improve stability, prevent joint dislocations,…

Amputated foot pictures are not included in the provided information, which primarily focuses on the medical, psychological, social, ethical, and legal aspects of amputation, as well as the impact of diabetes and associated conditions. Navigating the Medical Maze of Amputation What’s Amputation, You Ask? Amputation, simply put, is the surgical removal of a body part,…

Ankle hardware removal is a surgical procedure to remove metal screws, plates, or rods used to repair broken bones in the ankle. This surgery may be necessary to relieve pain, improve mobility, or prevent complications. The procedure typically involves making an incision over the hardware, removing it, and closing the wound. After surgery, patients may…

1. Pathological Conditions Associated with Foot Pain Hallux rigidus is a degenerative condition that affects the big toe joint, causing stiffness and pain. It is commonly caused by osteoarthritis, trauma, or overuse. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, swelling, and limited range of motion in the big toe joint. Risk factors include genetics, obesity, and certain sports…

Cold feet after surgery, also known as “perioperative hypothermia,” is a common complication that can arise during and after surgical procedures. It occurs when the body loses heat due to factors such as long surgery duration, certain anesthetic techniques, and underlying conditions like diabetes. If left untreated, hypothermia can lead to tissue damage, infection, and…

Bilateral ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) are devices worn on both feet to support and stabilize the ankles and feet. They are commonly used to treat conditions such as ankle instability, clubfoot, drop foot, and peroneal nerve palsy. AFOs can be made from various materials including plastic, metal, and carbon fiber, and typically consist of a…

Ankle valgus deformity refers to an abnormal outward tilt of the ankle, often associated with various other foot conditions. It is commonly linked to heel varus, a deformity where the heel tilts inward, and subtalar joint eversion, where the subtalar joint rotates outward, affecting foot posture. In severe cases, ankle valgus deformity can manifest as…

An articulated ankle foot orthosis (AFO) is a dynamic brace that helps support and stabilize the ankle and foot. It is commonly used to treat conditions such as ankle instability, cerebral palsy, spina bifida, and muscular dystrophy. AFOs are typically made from lightweight materials such as carbon fiber or thermoplastic and are designed to allow…

Healing toe amputation, often due to diabetes or trauma, involves surgical removal followed by meticulous wound care. Physical rehabilitation through physical and occupational therapy promotes mobility and functional restoration. Management includes pain control, wound debridement, and if needed, skin grafting. Prosthetics can enhance functionality. Support from family, friends, and support groups plays a crucial role…

Madelung deformity treatment involves multifaceted interventions aimed at addressing the underlying anatomical abnormalities and restoring wrist function. Surgery is often necessary to correct severe deformities, including radius shortening or ulnar lengthening osteotomy. Post-operative rehabilitation plays a crucial role in restoring range of motion, strength, and stability. Conservative measures, such as splinting and physical therapy, can…

A metatarsus primus varus deformity is an abnormal inward angulation of the first metatarsal bone. This deformity can cause the great toe to deviate toward the other toes, resulting in a bunion. The metatarsus primus varus deformity can be present at birth or may develop over time due to factors such as improper footwear, genetics,…

The anterior drawer test assesses the stability of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and other ankle ligaments by applying an anterior force to the talus while the foot is in a dorsiflexed and inverted position. A positive test result, indicating a tear or laxity in the ATFL, is observed when there is excessive anterior displacement…