Necrotizing granulomatous disease (NGD) is a rare, life-threatening disorder characterized by recurrent granulomatous infections caused by impaired phagocyte function. Most prevalent in males, NGD is often inherited as an X-linked trait with mutations affecting genes involved in phagocyte function. Common infectious agents include bacteria and fungi, leading to localized infections such as granulomas and abscesses,…

Lip filler granuloma is a rare complication caused by overinjection of lip fillers. It presents as lumps or nodules that form in the lips, accompanied by pain, swelling, and redness. Treatment typically involves hyaluronidase injections to dissolve the filler, though surgical excision may be necessary in severe cases. Prevention is key, with qualified injectors using…

In the absence of visible cytoplasmic granules, the cytoplasm appears homogeneous, lacking distinct organelles or inclusions. This state implies either a high level of cellular organization, with components evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm, or a lack of specialized organelles or inclusions for specific functions. The cytoplasm’s composition, including cytosol, cytoskeleton, and dissolved molecules, plays a…

Petrous apex cholesterol granuloma is a rare condition characterized by a collection of cholesterol crystals and inflammatory cells within the petrous apex, the tip of the temporal bone. It often arises from a middle ear cholesteatoma, a benign but aggressive growth that erodes the middle ear and surrounding structures. The granuloma can cause hearing loss,…

Cornified epithelial cells, also known as corneocytes, are flattened, dehydrated cells that constitute the outermost layer of the epidermis, called the stratum corneum. These cells are terminally differentiated and enucleated, filled with keratin filaments and other protective proteins. They form a waterproof and protective barrier that shields the body from external threats, preventing dehydration and…

Granuloma of the conjunctiva is an inflammatory condition characterized by the formation of small, reddish-brown nodules on the conjunctiva, the clear membrane covering the white of the eye. It can be caused by various infectious agents, such as bacteria, fungi, or parasites, or by non-infectious inflammatory conditions. Symptoms include redness, itching, and irritation of the…

Granuloma annulare, a skin condition with unknown causes, is treatable with various options. Topical corticosteroids reduce inflammation, while intralesional corticosteroids are directly injected into the affected area. Immunomodulators target the immune system and laser therapy may be effective. Ongoing research explores new treatments and the underlying causes of granuloma annulare, while reliable resources like NIAMS…

Hypertrophic olivary degeneration is a neurological condition characterized by the degeneration of the inferior olivary nucleus in the brainstem. This leads to ataxia, a lack of coordination and balance, as well as other symptoms such as difficulty with speech, swallowing, and eye movements. The exact cause of hypertrophic olivary degeneration is unknown, but it is…

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare inflammatory breast condition characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are collections of immune cells. It typically affects young to middle-aged women and presents with a palpable breast mass, pain, and nipple discharge. The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be related to an autoimmune response…

Ocular pyogenic granuloma is a rare, rapidly growing, benign vascular tumor that arises from the conjunctiva or eyelid. It is typically characterized by a red, fleshy mass that can bleed easily. The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be triggered by trauma or inflammation. Treatment involves surgical excision to remove the growth….

Air Quality Index Seoul (AQIS) provides an in-depth analysis of Seoul’s air quality, with contributions from multiple government agencies, research institutions, and monitoring stations. It employs the Air Quality Index (AQI) to assess air quality levels, and delves into air pollution sources and management measures implemented by stakeholders to combat air pollution. Government Agencies Involved…

Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma is a rare variant of sarcoidosis characterized by annular or polycyclic skin lesions composed of granulomas with central elastolysis and multinucleated giant cells containing elastin rings. It typically affects women of middle age and presents as skin-colored or erythematous papules or plaques with central atrophy and a raised border. Histologically,…