The normal mucosa in the duodenum exhibits finger-like villi, lined with enterocytes that aid in nutrient absorption. Crypts of Lieberkühn secrete digestive enzymes and mucus, while goblet cells secrete protective mucus. Brunn’s glands contribute to acid neutralization, and duodenal glands provide digestive enzymes and bicarbonate. The mucosa protects against infection through antimicrobial peptides from Paneth…

An adenoma in the duodenum is a benign growth that arises from the glandular cells lining the inner surface of the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. These polyps are typically small, pedunculated (stalked), and range in color from pale pink to yellow. They are often asymptomatic, but can cause abdominal pain, nausea,…

A Dieulafoy lesion is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding characterized by a small, pinpoint artery in the stomach lining that protrudes and erodes the mucosa. It can lead to sudden, severe bleeding and is often difficult to identify during endoscopy. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: An Overview Define upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) and its causes,…

The mucosa in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, plays a significant role in nutrient absorption and mucosal defense. It is lined by specialized cells, including goblet cells (mucus production), enterocytes (nutrient absorption), Paneth cells (antimicrobial defenses), and intraepithelial lymphocytes (mucosal immunity). This cellular network creates a protective barrier against pathogens and…

Biopsy from duodenum is a procedure involving the removal of a small tissue sample from the first part of the small intestine to examine under a microscope. It is commonly used to diagnose celiac disease, a condition where the immune system reacts to gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. The biopsy can…

Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) guidelines provide guidance for the diagnosis, management, and surveillance of GIM, a condition in which the cells in the stomach lining change into intestinal-type cells. These guidelines cover clinical entities such as dysplasia and gastric cancer, histological entities like intestinal metaplasia types and grades, diagnostic procedures like biopsy and histopathology, grading…

Intestinal metaplasia of the stomach refers to the replacement of normal stomach lining by intestinal-type mucosa. Various factors such as chronic inflammation and gastric acid suppression contribute to its development. The condition is classified based on its location, extent, and microscopic features. Clinical manifestations include epigastric discomfort, nausea, and diarrhea. Potential complications include iron deficiency…

Oxyntic gastric mucosa, a specialized lining in the stomach, plays a crucial role in digestion. It comprises two main cell types: parietal cells secreting hydrochloric acid to create an acidic environment and chief cells secreting pepsin for protein breakdown. Deep gastric pits collect secretions while gastric glands produce and secrete digestive enzymes. The mucosa also…

Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) surgery involves correcting a life-threatening condition in dogs where the stomach twists and bloats. The surgery includes gastropexy to prevent future twisting, torsion correction to untwist the stomach, gastric decompression to release gas, and tube gastrostomy to create a feeding tube. Associated conditions include gastric dilatation, gastric volvulus, and bloat. The…

Intestinal Methanogen Overgrowth (IMO) is an excessive proliferation of methanogenic archaea in the human intestine. Conditions associated with IMO include constipation, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Constipation is characterized by infrequent and difficult bowel movements, often due to slow intestinal transit time. IBD is a chronic inflammatory condition of the digestive…

Erosion of the duodenum, a type of peptic ulcer disease, occurs when the lining of the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, is damaged by digestive juices, leading to inflammation and ulceration. It can be caused by various factors such as excessive stomach acid, certain medications, and bacterial infections. Symptoms may include abdominal…

Gastrointestinal metaplasia refers to the abnormal transformation of specialized cells in the stomach or intestine into cells that are not normally present in those organs. This condition occurs when the lining of the digestive tract is chronically inflamed, usually due to conditions such as acid reflux, bacterial infections, or autoimmune disorders. The altered cells may…