B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (B-LBL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from immature B-cells. It is characterized by rapidly dividing lymphoblasts and has an aggressive clinical course. B-LBL can occur at any age, but it is most common in children and young adults. It can involve the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and…

Gamma delta T-cell lymphoma is a rare type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma characterized by the involvement of gamma delta T-cells. It has various subtypes, including extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, and cutaneous gamma delta T-cell lymphoma. The pathogenesis involves alterations in genes like JAK3, STAT3, and MYD88, leading to uncontrolled proliferation of these cells. Treatment options…

Lymphoma cells in peripheral blood, characterized by a high degree of interconnectivity and complex interactions with other entities, play a crucial role in the disease. Entities with closeness scores of 10, including BCL2 and CD5, are central to disease development and progression. Entities with scores of 9, such as TP53 and NOTCH1, are involved in…

Nodal marginal zone lymphoma, a subtype of marginal zone lymphomas, affects lymph nodes and typically presents with painless lymphadenopathy. This low-grade malignancy, closely related to extranodal MALT lymphoma, frequently arises in the presence of chronic antigenic stimulation or immune dysregulation, with a strong link to Helicobacter pylori infection. Treatment involves the watch and wait approach…

Lymphoma of the conjunctiva, a rare type of cancer, primarily arises as follicular lymphoma, characterized by the formation of small, round cells and often presenting as a localized, painless swelling. In contrast, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, less common and more aggressive, exhibits a diffuse growth pattern with larger, irregularly shaped cells. Mantle cell lymphoma, the…

Atypical lymphoid proliferation refers to an abnormal increase in lymphoid cells that exhibit unusual characteristics, making diagnosis challenging. It often manifests as a localized or systemic disease with varying clinical presentations. Histological examination reveals a spectrum of morphological features, ranging from small, round cells to large, pleomorphic cells. Immunophenotyping and molecular studies play a crucial…

Pituximab, an anti-CD20 antibody, revolutionizes non-Hodgkin lymphoma and follicular lymphoma treatment. It triggers antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and apoptosis, targeting and destroying B cells. Pituximab’s efficacy and manageable side effects make it a valuable tool, complementing other therapies like Venetoclax, which inhibits BCL-2 and synergistically enhances efficacy. By understanding the mechanisms of action and clinical…

Benign lymphoid hyperplasia is an abnormal proliferation of lymphoid cells that can occur in response to diversos etiologies. It encompasses various types, including follicular and paracortical hyperplasia, sinus histiocytosis, and Rosai-Dorfman disease. Lymphoid hyperplasia can affect different organs, including the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. Its differentiation from lymphoma is crucial, particularly THRLBCL. Despite its…

Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL) is a rare, aggressive type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by the presence of enlarged lymph nodes, fever, and skin rashes. The underlying cause is unknown, but genetic mutations and immune system dysfunction are believed to play a role. Histologically, AITL is characterized by a proliferation of atypical lymphoid cells within…

Follicular lymphoma is characterized by histological subtypes graded from 1 to 3, with low and high-grade variants. Its variants include mantle cell type and diffuse large B-cell type. Related lymphoma entities encompass marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Immunohistochemical markers used in diagnosis include CD19, CD20, CD21, CD23, CD35, BCL2,…

Nodular sclerosing Hodgkin lymphoma (NSHL) is a distinct subtype characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells (RSC) within fibrotic nodules. RSC are large, atypical lymphoid cells with characteristic multiple nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Hodgkin cells, a variant of RSC, lack nucleoli and are surrounded by a halo of lymphocytes. Lacunar cells are small, mature lymphocytes…

Lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system, can cause joint pain in some cases. This is because lymph nodes, which are part of the lymphatic system, are often located near joints. When lymphoma affects lymph nodes near a joint, it can cause inflammation and pain. Additionally, lymphoma can spread to the bones, causing bone pain…