Lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system, can affect the lungs, leading to various respiratory complications. Primary pulmonary lymphoma is rare and aggressive, with symptoms including cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a more common form, has several subtypes that can affect the lungs, causing a range of symptoms and requiring specific…

Lymphoma behind the knee is a type of cancer that affects the lymph nodes located in this area. These lymph nodes are crucial for immune function and can become enlarged or swollen due to the growth of abnormal lymphocytes. Various types of lymphoma, including non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma, can occur behind the knee, causing symptoms…

Hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma is a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that primarily affects the liver and spleen. Symptoms may include fever, weight loss, fatigue, abdominal pain, jaundice, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. The disease can also cause systemic symptoms such as lymphadenopathy and anemia. In advanced stages, it can lead to liver failure and death. Describe…

Extranodal NK T-cell lymphoma is a rare and aggressive type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that predominantly affects the nasal cavity and extranodal sites. It is characterized by the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and exhibits a distinct clinical presentation, including nasal congestion, epistaxis, and facial swelling. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves a…

T cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGL) is a rare type of leukemia characterized by the excessive proliferation of abnormal T cells called large granular lymphocytes (LGLs). These LGLs infiltrate the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes, leading to cytopenias (low blood cell counts) and immune dysregulation. T-LGL is often associated with fatigue, cytopenias, and…

The follicular lymphoma translocation or t(14;18)(q32.33;q21.32) leads to the overexpression of BCL2, an anti-apoptotic protein, by bringing the IGH locus near the BCL2 gene. This translocation is detected using techniques like immunohistochemistry, FISH, and PCR. In follicular lymphoma, it indicates a favorable prognosis, while in mantle cell lymphoma, it denotes a poor outcome. Treatment includes…

Primary colonic lymphomas are rare, with lymphomatoid polyposis being a specific type characterized by multiple lymphoid polyps in the colon and rectum, increasing the risk of lymphoma development. In contrast, secondary colonic lymphomas arise from other lymphoid malignancies and are more common in immunosuppressed individuals. Both types require specialized treatment approaches, including surgery, chemotherapy, and…

Metformin fatty liver refers to the condition of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in individuals taking metformin, a medication commonly used to manage type 2 diabetes. Studies have shown that metformin can have beneficial effects on liver health, reducing hepatic steatosis (fat accumulation) and improving liver function. This is believed to be due to its…

Metformin, a type 2 diabetes medication, shows promise in improving liver function in cirrhosis. Cirrhosis, the irreversible scarring of the liver, can result from chronic liver damage. Metformin’s potential benefits include reducing liver inflammation and improving insulin sensitivity, which may contribute to the development of liver disease. Further research is needed to fully understand the…

Metformin, a common medication for type 2 diabetes, can cause peripheral neuropathy, a condition that affects nerves in the hands and feet. The exact mechanism is unknown, but risk factors include long-term use, high doses, and kidney dysfunction. Symptoms range from numbness and tingling to pain, burning, and muscle weakness. Diagnosis involves a physical exam…

Metformin overdose, a potentially fatal condition, occurs when excessive amounts of the diabetes medication metformin are ingested. This can lead to severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), lactic acidosis (a buildup of lactic acid in the blood), renal failure (kidney damage), and ultimately cardiac arrest (heart failure). The risk of overdose is higher in patients with…

Does Metformin Cause Insomnia? Metformin is a medication commonly used to manage type 2 diabetes. However, it can cause insomnia as a side effect in some individuals. Recent research suggests that metformin may affect melatonin production, leading to sleep disturbances. Studies have shown that metformin can prolong the time it takes to fall asleep (sleep…