A flow volume loop is a graphical representation of the relationship between airflow and lung volume during a forced exhalation maneuver (e.g., spirometry). It provides insights into lung mechanics, airway function, and respiratory conditions. It is used to assess airway obstruction, restrictive lung diseases, and respiratory infections. The Breath of Life: Unraveling the Symphony of…

A flow duration curve (FDC) is a graphical representation of the frequency distribution of streamflow. It shows the percentage of time that a given streamflow rate is equaled or exceeded. FDCs are used in water resources planning, hydropower assessment, and other water-related applications. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) and United States Army Corps of…

After gallbladder removal, bile acid diarrhea can develop when excessive bile acids flow into the colon, causing diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloating. Diagnosis involves a SeHCAT scan, fecal bile acid test, or colonic bile acid concentration measurement. Treatment options include bile acid sequestrants, binders, antidiarrheal agents, and dietary changes to reduce fat intake and gas-producing…

Calculus of gallbladder refers to various pathological entities that affect the gallbladder, bile ducts, and surrounding structures. Gallstones, Choledocholithiasis, and Gallbladder Sludge are common disorders involving the formation and obstruction of concretions within these structures. Anatomical structures such as the gallbladder and bile ducts are crucial in understanding the pathological processes. Bile Production and Secretion…

Partial Gallbladder Removal Partial gallbladder removal, also known as subtotal cholecystectomy, involves removing only a portion of the gallbladder while preserving the cystic duct and its connection to the common bile duct. This procedure is typically performed when the gallbladder is severely diseased or damaged but the cystic duct is healthy, allowing for the preservation…

Ultrasound examination reveals a normal gallbladder with typical dimensions and a pear-shaped morphology. Its walls are intact and of normal thickness. The lumen contains bile, with no evidence of septa, particles, or debris. No perichole cystic fluid is present. The gallbladder neck and fundus are clearly identified and anatomically located. Adjacent structures are visualized without…

The thickness of the gallbladder wall is a crucial indicator of gallbladder health. Normally, the wall should measure around 2-3 millimeters. However, in certain conditions, such as porcelain gallbladder, the wall may thicken significantly, reaching up to 4 millimeters or more. This thickening is a result of chronic inflammation and deposition of calcium salts, indicating…

Dilatation of the common bile duct is a condition where the duct, which carries bile from the liver to the intestines, becomes enlarged. It can be caused by various factors, including blockages due to gallstones, tumors, or inflammation. Dilatation of the common bile duct can lead to a backup of bile, resulting in symptoms such…

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located under the liver, primarily responsible for storing and releasing bile. Bile is produced by the liver and aids in digesting fats. The gallbladder connects to the liver through the cystic duct and to the small intestine through the bile duct. Surrounding organs, like the pancreas and small…

Ultrasound elastography, Doppler ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), intraoperative ultrasound, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) are imaging techniques used for gallbladder cancer detection and diagnosis. These modalities aid in visualizing the tumor’s location within the gallbladder (neck, body, fundus) and assessing its characteristics. They provide valuable information for staging, treatment planning, and monitoring…

The gallbladder is a small organ that stores and releases bile, which aids in digestion. It is located under the liver and connected to the biliary system, a network of ducts that transport bile from the liver to the small intestine. The appendix is a small, finger-shaped organ attached to the large intestine. Its function…

Entities with High Topic Relevance (Score 10) Septations in gallbladder refer to abnormal bands or ridges that divide the lumen of the gallbladder. They can be caused by various underlying conditions, including adenomyomatosis, cholesterolosis, focal nodular hyperplasia, and hyperplastic cholecystitis. Adenomyomatosis is a benign condition characterized by thickening of the gallbladder wall, while cholesterolosis is…