A lesion of the uvula, a small, fleshy projection hanging from the back of the roof of the mouth, can cause discomfort and interfere with speech and swallowing. Lesions may result from trauma, infection, neoplasms, inflammatory conditions, allergies, or medications. Symptoms include sore throat, pain, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, and an enlarged or discolored uvula. Diagnosis…

Core Entities Conditions: Perthes disease, Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) Anatomical Structures: Femur, Hip joint Causes: Unknown (Perthes), Hip joint instability (SCFE) Symptoms: Hip pain, limping (both) Diagnosis: X-rays, MRI Treatment: Bracing, surgery Complications: Hip arthritis, growth problems Other Entities Children: More common in children (Perthes), Adolescents (SCFE) Genetics: Unknown role (Perthes), Possible genetic link…

The suffix “-sclerosis” denotes a condition characterized by hardening or scarring of tissues. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder (Score 10) affecting the central nervous system, causing fatigue, weakness, and cognitive issues. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, Score 9) is a progressive disease targeting motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. Systemic Sclerosis (SSc,…

Scleroderma eye disease is a serious condition caused by autoimmune disorder scleroderma. It affects ocular surfaces (dry eye, inflammation, corneal scarring), sclera (scleritis, episcleritis, scleroderma), and induces glaucoma, cataracts, and vision loss. Diagnosis includes ophthalmic exams, tear function tests, and biopsy. Treatment includes topical and systemic medications, surgery, and other supportive measures. Early detection and…

Scleroderma, an autoimmune disease involving excessive collagen production, can affect the kidneys, causing a condition known as scleroderma renal crisis. This crisis is characterized by severe hypertension and proteinuria, leading to kidney failure. Early detection and management are crucial to prevent irreversible kidney damage. Treatment options include immunosuppressants, vasodilators, diuretics, and in severe cases, dialysis…

Tibiae loading refers to the mechanical forces applied to the tibia bone, influencing its remodeling and adaptation. Sclerostin, a protein produced by osteocytes, plays a crucial role in regulating bone formation. When subjected to loading, the tibia responds by suppressing sclerostin secretion, promoting osteoblast activity, and increasing bone formation. Understanding this interplay helps elucidate the…

“Uva uvam vivendo varia fit,” commonly translated as “Grapes growing together vary,” is a Latin proverb dating back to Pliny the Elder’s Natural History. It highlights the scientific observation that when grapevines grow in close proximity, they influence each other’s growth and characteristics, resulting in variations in grape size, shape, and flavor. This concept has…

Scleroderma, an autoimmune disorder, can affect the heart and lead to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a condition involving elevated blood pressure in the arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. PAH in scleroderma stems from various mechanisms, including microvascular abnormalities, vasospasm, inflammation, and fibrosis, ultimately impairing the heart’s ability to pump blood…

Sclerostin, a glycoprotein secreted by osteocytes, plays a crucial role in bone turnover by inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway. Wnt signaling regulates bone formation by promoting osteoblast activity. Sclerostin, by antagonizing Wnt, suppresses osteoblast differentiation and reduces bone formation. Dysregulated sclerostin levels can lead to bone diseases such as sclerosteosis and osteoporosis. Bone Biology: Cell…

Scleritis and uveitis are inflammatory conditions affecting the eye: scleritis involves the sclera (protective outer layer), while uveitis impacts the uvea (middle layer). Uveitis subcategories include anterior (iris and ciliary body), intermediate (vitreous humor and pars plana), posterior (retina and choroid), and panuveitis (entire uvea). Both conditions can be caused by pathogens or systemic inflammatory…

Senile scleral plaque is a common eye condition associated with aging. It occurs due to degeneration of the sclera, the white outer layer of the eye, leading to the formation of yellow-white plaques on the surface. These plaques are typically benign and do not require treatment, but they can be unsightly and may cause symptoms…

Systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma (SScSS) is a subtype of systemic sclerosis characterized by the absence of skin thickening (scleroderma). Despite this, SScSS affects internal organs, leading to symptoms such as esophageal dysmotility, pulmonary fibrosis, and kidney involvement. It is closely related to CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome, which shares similar…